A taxonomic revision of Bulbophyllum section Macrocaulia (Blume) Aver. in the flora of China is presented based on extensive fieldwork, the survey of herbarium specimens and available literature. We recognize six species in the section: B. didymotropis, B. jejosephii, B. lingii, B. menghaiense, B. moniliforme and B. pentaneurum. Two taxa (B. jejosephii and B. moniliforme) represent new records of China, while two taxa (B. catenarium and B. ovalifolium) recorded in earlier literature are misapplied names. Two species are endemic to China. We include valid names, misapplied names and synonyms of each taxon. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, phenology data, distribution and habitat are given for each taxon. An identification key for all taxa of B. sect. Macrocaulia in China is provided.