Eriocaulon parvicephalum, a new species of Eriocaulaceae from Western Ghats of India, is described and illustrated. The new species is closely allied with E. palghatense but differs in having acuminate spathe lobes, eglandular petals in the male flower, and two rectangular seed coat appendages per cell. Phylogenetic analyses using the ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and psbA–trnH and trnL–F intergenic spacer regions of chloroplast DNA support the status of E. parvicephalum as a new species.