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International Journal of Refrigeration
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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ZENODO
Article . 2025
License: CC BY
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ij...
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Improving thermal energy efficiency in a Norwegian dairy utilising integrated CO2 refrigeration systems: performance data and energy efficiency improvement possibilities

Authors: KÖSTER, Lukas; BENGSCH, Jan; WIDELL, Kristina Norne;

Improving thermal energy efficiency in a Norwegian dairy utilising integrated CO2 refrigeration systems: performance data and energy efficiency improvement possibilities

Abstract

Dairies are considered very energy intensive due to the high demand for thermal energy at different temperature levels. This study investigates the thermal energy demand of the largest organic dairy in central Norway, which utilises a fully integrated CO2 refrigeration system to cover their cooling and hot water demand and an electric steam boiler for pasteurisation, sterilisation and cleaning in place (CIP). The specific energy flows of 2024 were analysed monthly and thermal demand profiles created. The specific energy consumptions were found to be between 27.5 Wh/l to 43.0 Wh/l for cooling and 34.3 Wh/l and 48.4 Wh/l for hot water heating. The electric steam boiler accounted for 36.4% of the plant’s electricity consumption in 2024. Therewith, the study aims to present real world data of the (thermal) energy consumption of a dairy and thereby lay ground for further system developments, which are conceptualised in this paper.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Top 10%
Average
Average
Green
hybrid
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