Atherosclerosis is a complex process involving multiple interfaces among inflammation, hypertension, age, ectopic obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidaemias, poor diet, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, impaired immune system, endothelial, vascular, hormonal and coagulation [1–3]. Dyslipidaemia is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, metabolic syndrome (MetS) peripheral artery disease. Early diagnosis and management are key factors in the prevention of atherosclerotic disease and development of cardiovascular events [4,5]. Several guidelines have recommended using the low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) treatment goal as the marker for patients with dyslipidaemia. Recently, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) has been recognised as a target marker in the treatment of patients with hypertriglyceridaemia or cardiometabolic abnormalities. NonHDL-C is the amount of cholesterol carried by apoB particles including the cholesterol carried by LDL and VLDL particles [6–10]. However, whether non-HDL-C or LDL-C is the better marker reflecting the atherogenic coronary risk remains controversial. The LDL-C measures the mass of cholesterol within LDL particles, and the non-HDL-C indicates the mass of cholesterol within all the apolipoprotein B (apoB) particles including LDL and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) [11].