Chronic infections such as Helicobacter pylori (Hp), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human papillomavirus (HPV) are a major cause of gastric, liver, and HPV-related cancers that contribute significantly to the global burden of human cancers. Infections related to cancers can be prevented by preventing infection through vaccination, timely detection through screening, and eradication of the underlying infections. These strategies have proven effective in different countries, but the participation rates of vaccination, screening, and eradication programs for Hp, HCV, and HPV are less than optimal. Research has shown that participation rates are influenced by various social, cultural, economic, and personal barriers and facilitators. To uncover the current evidence and enhance the understanding of the factors of prevention of infections related to cancer, we conducted a systematic literature review of such barriers and facilitators. We searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases to identify relevant original articles published between 2013 and 2023. After screening 685 articles, a total of 23 studies were included for full-text analysis. Most of the studies analyzed factors related to the prevention of HBV, HPV, and HCV infections, while there was a relative lack of studies for Hp infections. Vaccination as a prevention measure of infections related to cancer was analyzed in most of the studies, followed by screening and treatment. We found several personal, social, economic, and cultural factors that act as barriers to the prevention of infections related to cancer and classified and connected these barriers and facilitators through the prism of health capital. Knowledge about the barriers that influence individuals' engagement with prevention measures of infections related to cancer has the potential to inform and guide health policymakers by targeting vulnerable populations through effective educational programs and improvements to the quality of healthcare services.