The study investigates the impact of divalent metal ions on biofilm formation in various microorganisms. Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are resistant to antimicrobial agents. The influence of divalent metal ions on biofilm formation is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of biofilm development and for developing strategies to prevent or treat biofilm-related infections. The research aims to elucidate the role of divalent metal ions in biofilm formation and to identify potential targets for the prevention or treatment of biofilm-related infections.