Abstract The popular vision for the future of oncology includes the rational design of therapies inhibiting specific targets, for which development would be less expensive and the chance of success greater because the agent, the target, and a population predicted to benefit maximally would be known from the outset. In the breast cancer arena, successful targeted therapies have entered clinical practice. Recently, patients with BRCA-associated cancers have been identified as eligible for novel investigational therapies targeting their genetic deficiency. Preclinical data, phase I results, and 2 phase II proof-of-concept studies support the continued development of PARP inhibitors, either as single agents or in combination with specific cytotoxic drugs in this setting. In this article, we provide a brief review of current developments concerning PARP inhibitors in BRCA-associated cancers and express concerns about challenges to further development. Summary: PARP inhibitors may represent a new and promising targeted therapy for patients with BRCA1/2-associated cancer. In this review we summarize the main challenges in the clinical development of these agents. Cancer Discovery; 1(1); 29–34. ©2011 AACR.