{"references": ["Radomska Szko\u0142a Wy\u017csza w Radomiu", "Radom University in Radom", "Annual Reports", "of Education, Health and Sport", "9781329900516", "Edited by", "Iwona Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk", "Rados\u0142aw Muszkieta", "Hanna \u017bukowska", "Wies\u0142awa Pilewska", "Mariusz Klimczyk", "Walery Zukow", "http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/index", "http://journal.rsw.edu.pl", "https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/search?search&searchCategory=WORK&filter.inJournal=49068", "https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/search?search&searchCategory=WORK&filter.inJournal=36616", "http://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?titleid=37467", "Open Access", "Radom 2013", "Radomska Szko\u0142a Wy\u017csza w Radomiu", "Radom University in Radom", "Annual Reports", "of Education, Health and Sport", "9781329900516", "Edited by", "Iwona Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk", "Rados\u0142aw Muszkieta", "Hanna \u017bukowska", "Wies\u0142awa Pilewska", "Mariusz Klimczyk", "Walery Zukow", "http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/index", "http://journal.rsw.edu.pl", "https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/search?search&searchCategory=WORK&filter.inJournal=49068", "https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/search?search&searchCategory=WORK&filter.inJournal=36616", "http://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?titleid=37467", "Open Access", "Radom 2013", "Scientific Council", "prof. zw. dr hab. geo. Z. Babi\u0144ski (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. T. Chumachenko (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. techn. R. Cichon (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab med. N. Dragomiretskaya (Ukraine),", "prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Ezhov (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. J. Falkowski (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. A. Gozhenko (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. M. Grodzynskyi (Ukraine),", "prof. zw. dr hab. I. Grygus (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab med. A. Gudyma (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. S. Gulyar (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. W. Hagner (Poland),", "prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Karwat (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. M. Kyryliuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. Y. Limansky (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. A. Melnik (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Mizin (Ukraine),", "prof. zw. dr hab. med. B. Nasibullin (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. O. Obodovskyi (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Samosiuk (Ukraine),", "prof. zw. dr hab. med. L. Shafran (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Shmakova (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med.A. Svirskiy (Ukraine),", "prof. zw. dr hab. O. Sokolov (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Stebliuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. S. Yermakov, (Ukraine),", "prof. dr hab. med. A. Avramenko, doc. PaedDr. Elena Bend\u00edkov\u00e1, PhD. (Slovakia), prof. dr hab. K. Bu\u015bko (Poland), dr hab. med. E. Gozhenko (Ukraine), prof. dr hab. H. Knapik (Poland), dr hab. R. Muszkieta (Poland),", "prof. dr hab. med. W. My\u015bli\u0144ski (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Napiera\u0142a (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Pastuszko (Poland), prof. dr hab. K. Prusik (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Zasada (Poland),", "dr med. L. Butskaia (Ukraine), dr I. M. Batyk (Poland), dr M. Cie\u015blicka (Poland), dr med. M. Charzynska-Gula (Poland), doc. dr n. med. V. Cherno (Ukraine), dr med. K. Cywinski (Poland),", "dr med. I. Czerwinska Pawluk (Poland), dr biol. S. Dolomatov (Ukraine), dr med. M. Dzierzanowski (Poland), dr med. M. Hagner-Derengowska (Poland), dr med. B. J\u0119drzejewska (Poland),", "dr med. U. Kazmierczak (Poland), dr med. K. Kiczuk (Poland), dr Z. Kwa\u015bnik (Poland), dr med. T. Madej (Poland), dr med. E. Mikolajewska (Poland), dr D. Mikolajewski (Poland),", "dr med. B. Muszynska (Poland), dr med. A. Nalazek (Poland), dr med. N. Novikov (Ukraine), dr med. K. Nowacka (Poland), dr med. G. Polak (Poland), dr med. P. Prokopczyk (Poland),", "dr med. A. Radziminska (Poland), dr med. L. Sierpinska (Poland), dr Daves Sinch (Republic of India), doc. dr A. Skaliy (Ukraine), dr T. Skaliy (Ukraine),", "dr B. Stankiewicz (Poland), dr med. E. Trela (Poland)", "Editorial Board", "Stefan Adamcak (Slovakia), Pavol Bartik (Slovakia), Elena Bend^kova (Czech Republic), Janusz Bielski (Poland), Krzysztof Bu\u015bko (Poland), Miros\u0142awa Cie\u015blicka (Poland), Jerzy Eksterowicz (Poland), W\u0142odzimierz Erdmann (Poland), Tomasz Fro\u0142owicz (Poland), Attila Gilanyi (Hungary), Igor Grygus (Ukraine), Halina Gu\u0142a-Kubiszewska (Poland), Pawe\u0142 Izdebski (Poland), Sergii Iermakov (Ukraine), Tetyana Iermakova (Ukraine), Jana Jurikova (Czech Republic), Vlastimila Karaskova (Czech Republic), Jacek Klawe (Poland), Mariusz Klimczyk (Poland), Alicja Kostencka (Poland), Frantisek Langer (Czech Republic), Eligiusz Madejski (Poland), Jiri Michal (Slovakia), Ludmila Miklankova (Czech Republic), Emila Miko\u0142ajewska (Poland), Viktor Mishchenko (Ukraine), Stanis\u0142aw Mocek (Poland), Miros\u0142aw Mrozkowiak (Poland), Rados\u0142aw Muszkieta (Poland), Anna Nalazek (Poland), Marek Napiera\u0142a (Poland), Jerzy Nowocie\u0144 (Poland), Piotr Ole\u015bniewicz (Poland), W\u0142adys\u0142aw Pa\u0144czyk (Poland), Wies\u0142awa Pilewska (Poland), Miroslava Pridalova (Czech Republic), Krzysztof Prusik (Poland), Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski (Poland), Aleksandr Skaliy (Ukraine), Tetyana Skaliy (Ukraine), Ewa Soko\u0142owska (Poland), B\u0142a\u017cej Stankiewicz (Poland), Robert St\u0119pniak (Poland), Aleksander Stu\u0142a (Poland), Naoki Suzuki (Japan), Miros\u0142awa Szark-Eckardt (Poland), Maciej \u015awi\u0105tkowski (Poland), Hrychoriy Tereschuk (Ukraine), Hryhoriy Vasjanovicz (Ukraine), Mariusz Zasada (Poland), Tetyana Zavhorodnya (Ukraine), Walery \u017bukow (Poland), Hanna \u017bukowska (Poland)", "Advisory Board", "Zygmunt Babi\u0144ski (Poland), Yuriy Briskin (Ukraine), Laszl\u00f3 Csernoch (Hungary), Kazimierz Denek (Poland), Miroslav Dutchak (Ukraine), Karol Gorner (Slovakia), Kazimierz Kochanowicz (Poland), Jerzy Kosiewicz (Poland), Stanis\u0142aw Kowalik (Poland), Tadeusz Maszczak (Poland), Mikolaj Nosko (Ukraine), Jerzy Po\u015bpiech (Poland), Eugeniusz Prystupa (Ukraine), Robert Szeklicki (Poland), Jitka Ulrichova (Czech Republic).", "Reviewers:", "prof. zw. dr hab. geo. Z. Babi\u0144ski (Poland), doc. PaedDr. Elena Bend\u00edkov\u00e1, PhD. (Slovakia), prof. zw. dr hab. med. T. Chumachenko (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. techn. R. Cichon (Poland),", "prof. zw. dr hab. med. N. Dragomiretskaya (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Ezhov (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. J. Falkowski (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. A. Gozhenko (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. M. Grodzynskyi (Ukraine),", "prof. zw. I. Grygus (Ukraine), prof. zw. A. Gudyma (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. S. Gulyar (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. W. Hagner (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Karwat (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. M. Kyryliuk (Ukraine),", "prof. zw. dr hab. med. Y. Limansky (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. A. Melnik (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Mizin (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. B. Nasibullin (Ukraine),", "prof. zw. dr hab. geo. O. Obodovskyi (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Samosiuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. L. Shafran (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Shmakova (Ukraine),", "prof. zw. dr hab. O. Sokolov (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Stebliuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. S. Yermakov, (Ukraine),", "prof. dr hab. med. A. Avramenko, prof. dr hab. K. Bu\u015bko (Poland), dr hab. med. E. Gozhenko (Ukraine), prof. dr hab. H. Knapik (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. A. Melnik (Ukraine),", "prof. dr hab. R. Muszkieta (Poland), prof. dr hab. med. W. My\u015bli\u0144ski (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Napiera\u0142a (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Pastuszko (Poland), prof. dr hab. K. Prusik (Poland),", "prof. dr hab. M. Zasada (Poland), prof. dr hab. med. W. Zukow (Poland),", "dr I. M. Batyk (Poland), dr med. L. Butskaia (Ukraine), doc. dr n. med. V. Cherno (Ukraine), dr M. Cie\u015blicka (Poland), dr med. I. Czerwinska Pawluk (Poland), dr biol. S. Dolomatov (Ukraine),", "dr med. N. Novikov (Ukraine), doc. dr A. Skaliy (Ukraine), dr T. Skaliy (Ukraine), dr B. Stankiewicz (Poland), dr med. E. Trela (Poland)", "E d i t o r s - i n - C h i e f", "Anatoliy Gozhenko", "Walery Zukow", "C o - e d i t o r s", "Rados\u0142aw Muszkieta", "Marek Napiera\u0142a", "A s s o c i a t e E d i t o r s", "Iwona Czerwinska Pawluk", "Mariusz Klimczyk", "Miros\u0142awa Cie\u015blicka", "Adam Szulc", "S e c r e t a r y", "Bart\u0142omiej Niespodzi\u0144ski", "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2013.", "This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport of Radomska Szko\u0142a Wy\u017csza w Radomiu, Poska, Radom University in Radom, Poland", "Open Access This articles is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.", "Attribution \u2014 You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Noncommercial \u2014 You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike \u2014 If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.", "Declaration on the original version. Because of the parallel version of the magazine publishing traditional (paper) and of electronic (online), Editors indicates that the main version of the magazine is to issue a \"paper\"", "Zawarto\u015b\u0107 tego\u017c czasopisma jest obj\u0119ta licencj\u0105 Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-U\u017cycie niekomercyjne-Na tych samych warunkach 3.0", "Publishing House: Radomska Szko\u0142a Wy\u017csza w Radomiu, Radom University in Radom Str. Zubrzyckiego 2 26-600 Radom Tel.: +48 48 383 66 05 med.@rsw.edu.pl", "Printing House: Radomska Szko\u0142a Wy\u017csza w Radomiu, Radom University in Radom Str. Zubrzyckiego 2 26-600 Radom Tel.: +48 48 383 66 05 med.@rsw.edu.pl", "ISBN 9781329900516", "Liczba znak\u00f3w: 630 000 (ze streszczeniami i ok\u0142adk\u0105). Liczba grafik: 40 x 1 000 znak\u00f3w (rycza\u0142t) = 40 000 znak\u00f3w.", "Razem: Liczba znak\u00f3w: 670 000 (ze streszczeniami, ok\u0142adk\u0105 i grafikami) = 16,75 arkuszy wydawniczych.", "Number of characters: 630 000 (with abstracts). Number of images: 40 x 1000 characters (lump sum) = 40 000 characters.", "Total: Number of characters: 670 000 (with abstracts, summaries and graphics) = 16,75 sheet publications.", "DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.46027", "Content:", "Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 5", "Podgorna V. V., Romanchuk A. P. Pattern of spontaneous breathing and development of physical qualities of elementary school pupils. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 7-14. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Jaworska Iwona, Wro\u0144ska Irena. Poziom wiedzy o za\u0107mie w\u015br\u00f3d pacjent\u00f3w = Level of the knowledge about cataract amongst patients. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 15-28. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Sharma Balkishan, Wavare Rajshekhar. Academic stress due to depression among Medical and Para-medical students in an Indian medical college: Health initiatives cross sectional study. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 29-38. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Napierala Marek, Zukow Walery, Maczynska Ewa. Exercise and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 39-58. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Pykhtieieva E.G. Studies of the metallothionein role in the body protecting from the effects of heavy metals in violation of the adaptation mechanism = \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 59-72. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "\u017bukowska Hanna, Szark Eckardt Miros\u0142awa, Kuska Michalina, Napiera\u0142a Marek, Zukow Walery. Comparison of somatic and motor skills 14-16 years old boys from selected secondary schools Bydgoszcz = Por\u00f3wnanie cech somatycznych i zdolno\u015bci motorycznych 14-16 letnich ch\u0142opc\u00f3w z wybranych gimnazj\u00f3w Bydgoszczy. 73-100. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 59-72. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Gozhenko A I, Masevich Y V, Nasibullin B A, Zukow W. Features of clinical and morphologic manifestation of severe violations of cerebral circulation in people living in hypogeomagnetic conditions = \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 101-112. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Loyko I. I. The effectiveness of different types of GERD correction, depending on the symptoms, in patients operated for peptic. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 113-120. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Skiba A. V., Zukow W. Employment of persons with disabilities in marine ports = \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0441 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0445. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 121-142. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Kotyuzhynskaya S., Gozhenko A., Zukow W. Specific features of the condition lipid transport system of blood plasma in patients with essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes in atherosclerosis = \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c 2 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0435. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 143-154. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Bulavenko O., Lyovkina O. Peculiarities of the contents of sex hormones in the blood of women of reproductive age with the primary stress-induced infertility. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 155-162. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Cie\u015blicka Miros\u0142awa, Brz\u00f3zka Patrycja, Pilewska Wies\u0142awa, Ciesielska Natalia, Nalazek Anna, Zukow Walery. Effect of aerobic training on the health of women frequenting to fitness clubs = Wp\u0142yw treningu aerobowego na zdrowie kobiet ucz\u0119szczaj\u0105cych do klub\u00f3w fitness. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 163-178. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Ciesielska Natalia, Jelonek Agata, \u0141ysiak Norbert, Nalazek Anna, Cie\u015blicka Miros\u0142awa, Zukow Walery. Ways of coping with stress among nurses Intensive Care and Anesthesiology = Sposoby radzenia sobie ze stresem w\u015br\u00f3d piel\u0119gniarek Intensywnej Terapii i Anestezjologii. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 179-190. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Ko\u0142\u0142\u0105taj Barbara, Szaku\u0142a Justyna, Ko\u0142\u0142\u0105taj Witold, Wrzo\u0142ek Katarzyna, Karwat Irena Dorota. Problem uzale\u017cnienia od Internetu w\u015br\u00f3d uczni\u00f3w szk\u00f3\u0142 ponadpodstawowych w Lublinie = The problem of Internet addiction among secondary and upper secondary school students in Lublin. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 191-224. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Cie\u015blicka Miros\u0142awa, Ku\u017aniewska Ewa, Stankiewicz B\u0142a\u017cej, Zukow Walery. The impact of training on physical fitness development volleyball court and somatic training athletes build volleyball = Wp\u0142yw treningu siatkarskiego na rozw\u00f3j sprawno\u015bci fizycznej i budowy somatycznej zawodniczek trenuj\u0105cych siatk\u00f3wk\u0119. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 225-240. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Cie\u015blicka Miros\u0142awa, Dix Barbara, Zukow Walery. The impact of kayaking training on physical fitness and somatic construction at the stage of preparatory training = Wp\u0142yw treningu kajakarskiego na sprawno\u015b\u0107 fizyczn\u0105 i budow\u0119 somatyczn\u0105 zawodnik\u00f3w na etapie treningu przygotowawczego. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 241-254. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Pilewska Wies\u0142awa, Pilewski Robert, Zukow Walery Characteristics of body composition highly qualified dancers and dancers Latin American style of dance sports in light of typology of somatic Wanky and Kretschmer = Charakterystyka budowy cia\u0142a wysokokwalifikowanych tancerek i tancerzy stylu latynoameryka\u0144skiego sportowego ta\u0144ca w \u015bwietle typologii somatycznej Wankego i Kretschmera. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 255-266. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Wiech Monika, Prusik Katarzyna, Kortas Jakub, Bielawa \u0141ukasz, Ossowski Zbigniew, Prusik Krzysztof, Zukow Walery. Changes in the ranges of motion in the joints of the upper and lower extremities in elderly people under the influence of the Nordic Walking training = Zmiany zakres\u00f3w ruch\u00f3w w stawach ko\u0144czyn g\u00f3rnych i dolnych u os\u00f3b starszych pod wp\u0142ywem treningu Nordic Walking. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 267-276. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Kamrowska-Nowak Maria, Byzdra Krzysztof, Majchak Katarzyna, St\u0119pniak Robert, Zukow Walery. The Results of the Checks in the Women's Heptathlon Training During a 10-year Training Cycle = Wyniki kontroli treningu w siedmioboju kobiet w trakcie 10-cio letniego cyklu treningowego. [in] Czerwi\u0144ska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Rados\u0142aw Ed., \u017bukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wies\u0142awa Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 277-300. ISBN 9781329900516. \u00a9 The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.", "Introduction", "We hope that a varied program of the Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport will answer your expectations. We believe that the Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport will contribute to raising the knowledge, skills and abilities of doctors, therapists, physiotherapists, nurses, psychologists, biologists, researchers, practitioners and health workers interested in rehabilitation, physiotherapy, tourism and recreation.", "Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport, corresponding to the modern challenges of global health specialists collect articles from those areas of the leading centers of renowned foreign and domestic. Many of them present state of art in their field. This will be particularly valuable for young doctors in the specialization, and students.", "Welcome to familiarize yourself with this issue all relevant hazards and health, life and safety at work in tourism, recreation, rehabilitation, physiotherapy, nursing organization to work safely and missions in these conditions, the influence of environmental conditions on public health.", "Authors from abroad and the country will present an overview of contemporary challenges and solutions in these areas. The issue concerns the text of the wider work for human health, tourism, recreation, physiotherapy, nursing, wellness and rehabilitation, including the economics of health care.", "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2013.", "This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland", "Open Access This articles is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.", "Attribution \u2014 You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Noncommercial \u2014 You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike \u2014 If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.", "Journal of Health Sciences (J of H Ss) 2013; 3(5): 7-14", "The journal has had 4 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 683.", "\u0423\u0414\u041a 612.21+373.3+796.012.1", "PATTERN OF SPONTANEOUS BREATHING AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PUPILS", "Podgorna V.V., Romanchuk A.P.", "Southukrainian national pedagogical university n.a. K.D.Ushinsky, Odessa, Ukraine (65020, Ukraine, Odessa, Staroportofrankovska str. 26), e-mail: doclfc@ua.fm", "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2013;", "This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Radom University in Radom, Poland", "Abstract. Recognizing the importance of formation of school-aged children physical fitness connected with using of methods and approaches of physical culture the goal had been set in this work is to determine a connection between measures of pattern of spontaneous breathing and level of separate motion qualities development for children who are studying at elementary school. The modern multifunctional method was implemented in research which is the spiroartheriocardiorhythmography (SA\u0421R) allowing to estimate function of spontaneous breathing by the measures of breathing pattern. Thanking to this the expressed deviances was discovered in breathing pattern connected with development of separate physical qualities. At this rate the development of endurance is connected with 5 parameters of breathing pattern, adroitness \u2013 3, quickness and strength \u2013 by 2 and one with flexibility. The most important of all breathing pattern`s parameters is breathing-in duration index which at increasing forecasts level of endurance not below the average in 86% of all cases. Same measure in 100% of cases forecasts development of adroitness which is at level above the average in 71% of all cases. In 67% of cases of increasing of volume inspiratory rate the level of quickness level above the average is determined, and in 43% of decreasing of volume expiratory rate cases the development of quickness is at low level. Same factor significantly limits the development of strength abilities which in 57% of its registration cases are at low level of development. Increasing of ratio between inspiratory and expiratory duration significantly limits the development of flexibility, in 58% of cases is at level below the average and average level. Taking into consideration the data obtained it is should be noted that development of separate physical qualities is clearly connected with breathing pattern. At this from the one hand means and approaches of movement education have influence on formation of corresponding pattern and from the other hand the pattern of spontaneous breathing determines the opportunities of development of separate physical qualities.", "Keywords: pattern of spontaneous breathing, physical qualities, pupils.", "Actuality. Each age time of germination of child has own particularities in organization and functioning of separate systems and organs which are change with allowances made for inherited conditions and environmental factors influence, including with reference of exercises [5]. One of the most sensitive functions of body is a function of external respiration, which perhaps first reacts for external factors which unconditionally significantly limits opportunities for its research [2]. The volume characteristics of this function are more stable. However their value for diagnostics of functional condition of body is significantly limited and find certain place only at diagnostics of bronchopulmonary system`s diseases only at level of determination of restrictive and obstructive processes [6]. With appearance of new technical solutions in diagnostic equipment it is became possible to clearly determine spontaneous breathing function in the field which on a par with reactivity for environmental factors characterizes certain stable mechanisms of oxygen supply for body [4]. It is also should be added that thanking to complex organization the particularities of breathing find reflection in functioning of cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, and alimentary systems and with implementation of specialized approaches they able to control the psycho-emotional condition of human. There are many metabolic processes connected with phases of breathing [1]. Taking into account all the said it is possible to consolidate that particularities of spontaneous breathing are reflection of antecedent components of metabolism and their correction could significantly change the flow of later ones.", "Recognizing the importance of formation of school-aged children physical fitness connected with using of methods and approaches of physical culture the goal had been set in this work is to determine a connection between measures of pattern of spontaneous breathing and level of separate motion qualities development for children who are studying at elementary school.", "Materials and methods of research. To achieve the goal being settled 93 pupils were discovered (28 girls and 65 boys) of 8-10 years old, studied at elementary school \u211665 of Odessa. Investigation include testing of physical qualities, implemented with using of tests and standards according to state program of movement education for elementary schools of I-III grades. Assessment was done by 12-grade system acting in Ukraine. For analysis of results obtained we used the distribution of later ones by levels of development: above the average (5) \u2013 grades 11-10, average (4) \u2013 grades 8-9, below the average (3) \u2013 grades 7-6, low (2) - grades 4-5. Functional condition of children`s breathing system were discovered with implementation of modern multifunctional method - spiroartheriocardiorhythmography (SA\u0421R) allowing to estimate function of spontaneous breathing by the measures of breathing pattern. According to SACR results the levels of range deviations were analyzed for values which were characterized as extremely balanced (at insertion to range from 25 to 75 centiles), medium stressed (from 5 to 25 and from 75 to 95 centiles) and expressively stressed (from 0 to 5 and from 95 to 100 centiles).", "Execution of acknowledge experiment had allow to determine the particularities of pattern of spontaneous breathing and development of major physical qualities for junior pupils.", "The distribution of obtained values of breathing pattern for examined group of children is represented in Table 1 with allowances made for sex and age distributions calculated during more recent investigations.", "Table 1", "The distribution of obtained values of breathing pattern for examined group of children 8-10 years (%)", "<5\t5-25\t25-75\t75-95\t>95", "T insp, s\t9\t19\t49\t19\t3", "T exp, s\t8\t20\t46\t18\t8", "Vt, l\t3\t27\t48\t15\t6", "Vt /Tinsp, l/s\t6\t17\t53\t18\t5", "Vt /Texp, l/s\t5\t23\t51\t14\t8", "Tinsp/Texp\t8\t18\t52\t16\t6", "BR,1/ min\t4\t20\t48\t20\t6", "As we can see from the table almost by all parameters of spontaneous breathing pattern distributions of values were correspond to expected ones. Particular attention was given to values which were higher than expected 5% in tested group of children and which evidenced about extreme deviations of measured parameters (in range of <5% and >95%). Exactly that was a reason for analysis of development of movement qualities for children who has their parameters of breathing pattern in specified limits.", "The results of analysis of development of physical qualities of children with allowances made for approach offered before are represented in Fig. 1. Taking into consideration modal estimations of separate movement qualities it is should be noted that most of children from this group have following parameters on the above the average development level: quickness (53%), strength (45%), adroitness (48%), the flexibility is prevailing at the average level of development (39%), and the parameters of endurance development are significantly prevail on the low level (41%).", "Fig. 1. Distribution of development levels for physical qualities of pupils of 8-10 age old where a is a quickness, b is a strength, c is an endurance, d is a flexibility and e is an adroitness;2 is a low level ,3 is a below the average level, 4 is a average level, 5 is a above the average level", "On the basis of this the most numerous subgroups were determined consisting from pupils with limit deviations in pattern of breathing. Namely: children with expressively prolonged inspiration, with expressively shorted and expressively prolonged expiration, children with low volume tidal , with high volume tidal of inspiration rate, low volume tidal of inspiration rate, pupils with tendency to broncho-obstructive syndrome and with tendency to restriction as well as pupils with expresses bradypnoea. Distribution of development levels of common physical qualities with allowances made for specified limit deviations of spontaneous breathing is represented in Table 2.", "Analyzing data shown in Table 2 it is should be noted that only 6-10 pupils of all number of investigated pupils had expressed deviations by separate parameters of breathing. That`s why for further analysis we were used percentile approach which is allow to operate with small selections and balance type of distribution of parameter in group.", "The table has painted squares where distinguishes from group distribution of separate qualities development levels are non-significant or same as group at all, represented in first string of table of data. Regarding other data it is possible to consolidate absolutely evidentially about distinguish of it from group. First of all it is should be pointed for expressed deviations in pattern of breathing concerned with development of separate physical qualities which could be completely fairly used at forecasting of development of later ones. Thus, with development of endurance 5 connected parameters of breathing pattern, 3 for adroitness, 2 for quickness and strength and one with flexibility.", "Table 2.", "Level of development of physical qualities of elementary school pupils with allowances made for expressed deviations in pattern of spontaneous breathing (%)", "Indicators of breathing pattern\tPhysical qualities and levels of development", "endurance\tquickness\tstrength\tflexibility\tadroitness", "above the average level\taverage level\tbelow the average level\tlow level\tabove the average level\taverage level\tbelow the average level\tlow level\tabove the average level\taverage level\tbelow the average level\tlow level\tabove the average level\taverage level\tbelow the average level\tlow level\tabove the average level\taverage level\tbelow the average level\tlow level", "whole group\t17\t15\t27\t41\t53\t23\t17\t7\t45\t28\t8\t18\t35\t39\t14\t13\t48\t33\t13\t7", "\u2191 Tinsp, s \t29\t57\t14\t0\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t71\t29\t0\t0", "\u2193 Texp, s\t40\t20\t20\t20", "\u2191 Texp, s\t33\t33\t33\t0", "\u2193Vt, l\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33\t17\t0\t50", "\u2191 Vt/Tinsp, l/s\t\t\t\t\t33\t0\t67\t0", "\u2193 Vt/Texp, l/s\t\t\t\t\t43\t14\t0\t43\t14\t29\t0\t57", "\u2193 Tinsp/Texp\t33\t33\t33\t0\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33\t17\t0\t50", "\u2191 T insp/Texp\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t14\t29\t29\t29", "\u2193 BR, 1/ min \t33\t50\t17\t0\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t83\t17\t0\t0", "Higher level of endurance is forecasted by decreasing of breathing frequency while staying calm and by increasing of inspiration and expiration duration with more expressed relative prevailing of expiration duration. In separate cases high level of endurance is forecasted by expressed decreasing of expiration duration but less significantly well at such values tidal of expiration duration it is quite often (in 40% of cases) low and below the average level of endurance is forecasted. The most important of all pattern`s parameters the inspiration duration factor is which at increasing in 86% of all cases forecasts level of endurance not below the average which is significantly differs from data in group.", "The same parameter forecasts development of adroitness in 100% of all cases, which is at above the average level in 71% of all cases and at the average level in 29% and variants of decreasing of adroitness is absent at all. The same level of occurrence has the forecasting of development of adroitness by decreasing of breathing frequency while staying calm which forecasts level of adroitness above the average in 83% of all cases and the average level in 17% of all cases. It is should be noted separately that at relative increasing of expiration duration the level of adroitness development is very limited which is important regarding to distinguishes of breathing pattern specific for development of endurance.", "The informative enough is that any of specified parameters of breathing pattern is not significant for development of quickness, strength and flexibility. Taking into consideration data of group investigation of breathing pattern`s factors limiting influence for development of physical qualities is quite clearly determined by other factors of the later one. By development of quickness evidences about a fact that expressed increasing of volume tidal of inspiration rate and decreasing of volume tidal of expiration rate to a greater or lesser degree limit development of quickness. Thus, in 67% of all cases increasing of volume tidal of inspiration rate determines level of quickness which is below the average and in 43% of decreasing of volume tidal of expiration rate cases development of quickness is at low level.", "The attention should be given to the fact that mentioned above parameter of breathing pattern significantly limits development of strength abilities which in 57% of its registration cases are at low level of development. Less expressed but quite significant influence on development of strength abilities the index of breathing capacity has which in 50% of cases forecasts insufficient development of strength.", "At development of flexibility the parameters of ratio inspiration and expiration duration are quite differed that is increasing of this parameter of breathing parameter is significantly limits development of this physical quality and in most cases (58%) at below the average and average level is.", "Conclusion. Taking into consideration data obtained it is should be noted that development of separate physical qualities is quite clearly connected with breathing pattern. At this from one hand means and approaches of movement education at development of separate physical qualities influence on formation of corresponding pattern and from the other hand pattern of spontaneous breathing determines opportunities of development of later ones. From these positions by our opinion it is necessary to pay attention for those parameters of breathing pattern which significantly limits development of physical qualities as it shown on example of quickness, strength, flexibility and in a less degree adroitness. The implementation of specialized breathing exercises and corrective respiratory gymnastics is possible allowing increasing opportunities of development of separate physical qualities.", "Characterizing data obtained in a whole it is should be noted that offered supposition got certain confirmation which require further research both regarding forecasting of separate physical qualities development and regarding methodical provision of corrective measures.", "Open Access", "This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.", "References", "1.\tApanasenko GL, Naumenko RG (1988) Somaticheskoye zdorov'ye i maksimal'naya aerobnaya sposobnost' individa. Teoriya i praktika fizkul'tury, 4:29-31.", "2.\tKolchinskaya AZ (1981) Sistema dykhaniya, gipoksiya i vozrast. 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Med J of Australia; 169: 575-578.", "This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.", "Conflict of interest: None declared.", "Received: 15.02.2013.", "Revised: 15.03.2013.", "Accepted: 18.05.2013.", "Journal of Health Sciences (J of H Ss) 2013; 3(5): 15-28", "The journal has had 4 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 683.", "POZIOM WIEDZY O ZA\u0106MIE W\u015aR\u00d3D PACJENT\u00d3W", "Level of the knowledge about cataract amongst patients", "Iwona Jaworska, Irena Wro\u0144ska", "Katedra Rozwoju Piel\u0119gniarstwa. Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie", "Cathedral of the Development of the Nursing. Medical University in Lublin", "Autor do korespondencji", "Author for the correspondence", "Iwona Jaworska", "email: iwonajaworska1@op.pl", "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2013;", "This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Radom University in Radom, Poland", "S\u0142owa kluczowe: za\u0107ma, badanie, wiedza, edukacja.", "Keywords: cataract, examination, knowledge, education.", "Streszczenie", "Wprowadzenie: Wiedza na temat chor\u00f3b jest bardzo istotnym czynnikiem, wp\u0142ywaj\u0105cym na stan zdrowia cz\u0142owieka. W szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci dotyczy to takich chor\u00f3b, jak za\u0107ma, kt\u00f3ra dotyka obecnie wielu ludzi, powoduj\u0105c utrat\u0119 wzroku. Problem ten jest jednak odwracalny, o czym nie wie wielu dotkni\u0119tych ni\u0105 pacjent\u00f3w. Brak wiedzy o objawach za\u0107my mo\u017ce prowadzi\u0107 do lekcewa\u017cenia pojawiaj\u0105cych si\u0119 problem\u00f3w ze wzrokiem. Dlatego podj\u0119to pr\u00f3b\u0119 zbadania poziomu wiedzy mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w miasta i wsi na temat za\u0107my, chc\u0105c sprawdzi\u0107, czy poziom wiedzy spo\u0142ecze\u0144stw wiejskich jest wyra\u017anie ni\u017cszy od spo\u0142ecze\u0144stw zamieszkuj\u0105cych miasta. Pozwoli to na okre\u015blenie zasi\u0119gu i grupy docelowej dla kampanii informacyjnej o za\u0107mie.", "Cel pracy: Celem pracy by\u0142o zbadanie poziomu wiedzy na temat za\u0107my w\u015br\u00f3d pacjent\u00f3w plac\u00f3wek Podstawowej Opieki Zdrowotnej b\u0119d\u0105cych mieszka\u0144cami Radomia i podradomskich wsi.", "Materia\u0142 i metoda: Badanie ankietowe przeprowadzono w\u015br\u00f3d 100 pacjent\u00f3w POZ regionu radomskiego.", "Wyniki bada\u0144: Analiza uzyskanych wynik\u00f3w wykaza\u0142a brak statystycznie istotnej zale\u017cno\u015bci pomi\u0119dzy miejscem zamieszkania a poziomem wiedzy o za\u0107mie. Jednak generalnie poziom wiedzy o za\u0107mie jest stosunkowo niski. Ponad po\u0142owa badanych nie wie, czym jest za\u0107ma, a 37% respondent\u00f3w nie potrafi wymieni\u0107 cho\u0107by jednego potencjalnego objawu tej choroby. Dodatkowo 41% badanych deklaruje zupe\u0142ny brak wizyt u lekarza okulisty.", "Wnioski: W badaniach stwierdzono brak statystycznej zale\u017cno\u015bci pomi\u0119dzy miejscem zamieszkania a cz\u0119stotliwo\u015bci\u0105 wizyt u lekarza okulisty, wiedz\u0105 o czynnikach ryzyka, objawach i leczeniu za\u0107my oraz gotowo\u015bci\u0105 do poddania si\u0119 operacji w przypadku zdiagnozowania za\u0107my. Stwierdzono tak\u017ce niski poziom wiedzy og\u00f3\u0142u badanych, co wskazuje na potrzeb\u0119 dzia\u0142a\u0144 edukacyjnych, skierowanych do wszystkich cz\u0142onk\u00f3w spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa, niezale\u017cnie od miejsca zamieszkania czy tez innych uwarunkowa\u0144 demograficzno-spo\u0142ecznych.", "Abstract", "Introduction: The knowledge about illnesses is a crucial factor, affecting the medical condition of the man very much. In particular it is regarding such illnesses, as cataract which is hurting many people at present, causing loss of the eyesight. However this problem is reversible what many patients touched with it don't know about. The lack of knowledge about manifestations can conduct cataract for disregarding appearing problems with the eyesight. Therefore an attempt to search the level of the knowledge of city dwellers and villages were made about cataract, wanting to check, whether the level of the knowledge of country societies is clearly lower than societies inhabiting cities. It will allow for determining the reach and the target group for the information campaign about cataract.", "Purpose: the aim of the study was to investigate the level of knowledge of cataracts among patients of primary health care as the inhabitants of Radom and podradomskich villages. Material and method: a survey was conducted among 100 patients ITEM 430 region. Results of research: analysis of the results showed no statistically significant relationship between place of residence and the level of knowledge about za\u0107mie. However, the overall level of knowledge of za\u0107mie is relatively low. More than half of the respondents do not know what is a cataract, and 37% of respondents unable to name even one potential symptom of this disease. In addition, 41% of respondents declare the complete lack of visits to the specialist. Conclusions: In studies found no statistical relationship between place of residence and the frequency of visits to an eye specialist, knowledge about risk factors, symptoms and treatment of cataracts and a readiness to undergo surgery for diagnosis of cataracts. It was also a low level of general knowledge.", "WPROWADZENIE", "Wiedza na temat chor\u00f3b i ich profilaktyki stanowi istotny czynnik wp\u0142ywaj\u0105cy na stan zdrowia cz\u0142owieka. W szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci dotyczy to takich chor\u00f3b, jak za\u0107ma \u2013 choroby dotykaj\u0105cych ogromnej rzeszy ludzi, ale za to choroby, w kt\u00f3rej utrata wzroku jest odwracalna. Obecnie szacuje si\u0119, \u017ce na \u015bwiecie problem za\u0107my dotyka ok. 27 mln ludzi w r\u00f3\u017cnym wieku. Z za\u0107m\u0105 \u017cyje te\u017c ponad p\u00f3\u0142 miliona Polak\u00f3w [1].", "Najcz\u0119stsz\u0105 posta\u0107 za\u0107my stanowi tzw. \u201eza\u0107ma starcza\u201d. W okulistyce stanowi ona jeden z najcz\u0119\u015bciej diagnozowanych problem\u00f3w i jednocze\u015bnie jest ona g\u0142\u00f3wn\u0105 przyczyn\u0105 \u015blepoty [2]. Za\u0107ma to choroba polegaj\u0105ca na cz\u0119\u015bciowym lub ca\u0142kowitym zm\u0119tnieniu soczewki oka. W zale\u017cno\u015bci od stopnia zaawansowania mo\u017cna wyr\u00f3\u017cni\u0107 za\u0107m\u0119: niedojrza\u0142\u0105, dojrza\u0142\u0105, przejrza\u0142\u0105 oraz za\u0107m\u0119 Morgagniego [3]. Za\u0107ma zwi\u0105zana z wiekiem dotyczy w jednakowym stopniu obu p\u0142ci, jej pocz\u0105tki mog\u0105 wyst\u0119powa\u0107 po 40 roku \u017cycia, a ujawnia si\u0119 z regu\u0142y oko\u0142o 50\u201360 r.\u017c., znacznie obni\u017caj\u0105c jako\u015b\u0107 ich \u017cycia [4]. Szacuje si\u0119, \u017ce u ponad 40% ludzi po 75 r.\u017c. wyst\u0119puje powa\u017cne pogorszenie widzenia, u 90% zaobserwowa\u0107 mo\u017cna zm\u0119tnienie soczewki [3].", "Zapobieganie post\u0119powi za\u0107mienia soczewki polega na stosowaniu najcz\u0119\u015bciej w formie kropli do oczu rozmaitych preparat\u00f3w farmakologicznych maj\u0105cych na celu popraw\u0119 metabolizmu soczewkowego [5,6]. W przypadku za\u0107my zwi\u0105zanej z wiekiem zm\u0119tnia\u0142\u0105 soczewk\u0119 usuwa si\u0119 operacyjnie, wszczepiaj\u0105c w jej miejsce soczewk\u0119 sztuczn\u0105. Leczenia za\u0107my i spowodowanej ni\u0105 \u015blepoty sk\u0142ada si\u0119 dw\u00f3ch element\u00f3w:", "1.\tOperacyjnego usuni\u0119cia zm\u0119tnia\u0142ej soczewki metod\u0105 fakuemulsyfikacji,", "2.\tOptycznego skorygowania zmniejszonej mocy \u0142ami\u0105cej oka bezsoczewkowego [3].", "Za\u0107ma jest czynnikiem w znacznym stopniu pogarszaj\u0105cym jako\u015b\u0107 \u017cycia ludzi starszych, chocia\u017c w chwili obecnej mo\u017cna j\u0105 usun\u0105\u0107 w ka\u017cdym wieku. Przeciwwskazaniem do przeprowadzenia zabiegu operacyjnego mo\u017ce by\u0107 jedynie stan og\u00f3lny i psychiczny pacjenta [1]. Dlatego tak istotny jest poziom wiedzy pacjent\u00f3w na temat tej choroby, mo\u017cliwo\u015bci jej diagnozowania i leczenia. Wiele bowiem os\u00f3b mo\u017ce nie zdawa\u0107 sobie sprawy z przyczyn pogarszaj\u0105cego si\u0119 widzenia oraz z tego, \u017ce jego ostro\u015b\u0107 mo\u017cna przywr\u00f3ci\u0107. Z tego wzgl\u0119du podj\u0119to pr\u00f3b\u0119 zbadania poziomu wiedzy na temat za\u0107my losowo wybranych pacjent\u00f3w plac\u00f3wek Podstawowej Opieki Zdrowotnej w Radomiu oraz oceny, czy stan wiedzy o tej chorobie jest s\u0142abszy w\u015br\u00f3d mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w wsi.", "CEL PRACY", "Celem pracy by\u0142o zbadanie poziomu wiedzy na temat za\u0107my w\u015br\u00f3d losowo wybranych pacjent\u00f3w plac\u00f3wek Podstawowej Opieki Zdrowotnej b\u0119d\u0105cych mieszka\u0144cami Radomia i podradomskich wsi. G\u0142\u00f3wny problem badawczy stanowi\u0142o pytanie: Czy poziom wiedzy o za\u0107mie w\u015br\u00f3d pacjent\u00f3w POZ zale\u017cy w istotny spos\u00f3b od miejsca zamieszkania? Pytanie to wyznaczy\u0142o problemy szczeg\u00f3\u0142owe:", "1.\tCzy miejsce zamieszkania wp\u0142ywa na cz\u0119stotliwo\u015b\u0107 wizyt u lekarza okulisty?", "2.\tCzy wiedza mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w wsi o czynnikach ryzyka, objawach i leczeniu za\u0107my jest w istotny spos\u00f3b s\u0142absza od wiedzy mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w miasta?", "3.\tCzy potencjalna gotowo\u015b\u0107 do zgody na operacj\u0119 za\u0107my jest determinowana miejscem zamieszkania?", "MATERIA\u0141 I METODA", "Badaniom poddano 100 osobow\u0105 grup\u0119 pacjent\u00f3w losowo wybranych plac\u00f3wek Podstawowej Opieki Zdrowotnej Radomia i powiatu radomskiego. Badania prowadzono w listopadzie 2010 roku przy zastosowaniu metody sonda\u017cu diagnostycznego. Wykorzystano niestandaryzowany kwestionariusz ankiety w\u0142asnej konstrukcji, obejmuj\u0105cy 19 pyta\u0144 (3 pytania otwarte, 15 pyta\u0144 skategoryzowanych, 1 pytanie skategoryzowane z kafeteri\u0105 otwart\u0105). Badania by\u0142y ca\u0142kowicie dobrowolne i anonimowe.", "W kwestionariuszu przewidziano jednak tzw. metryczk\u0119, kt\u00f3ra pozwoli\u0142a na pozyskanie wiedzy dotycz\u0105cej cech demograficzno-socjologicznych respondent\u00f3w. Pozyskane w ten spos\u00f3b dane wskazuj\u0105, i\u017c w grupie badawczej najliczniej reprezentowane by\u0142y osoby w wieku 51-60 lat (32%) oraz w wieku 41-50 lat (28%), najmniej za\u015b by\u0142o respondent\u00f3w najm\u0142odszych \u2013 w wieku poni\u017cej 30 lat (8%) oraz w wieku 31-40 lat (15%) (wykres 1).", "Wykres 1. Wiek respondent\u00f3w", "Wykres 2. Poziom wykszta\u0142cenia respondent\u00f3w", "Badani prezentowali r\u00f3\u017cny poziom wykszta\u0142cenia, w og\u00f3lnym zarysie odzwierciedlaj\u0105cy poziom wykszta\u0142cenia Polak\u00f3w. Najliczniejsza grupa respondent\u00f3w legitymowa\u0142a si\u0119 wykszta\u0142ceniem \u015brednim (46%) i zawodowym (32%). Znacznie rzadziej ankiet\u0119 wype\u0142nia\u0142y osoby z wykszta\u0142ceniem podstawowym i wy\u017cszym (po 11%) (wykres 2).", "Wykres 3. Miejsce zamieszkania badanych pacjent\u00f3w", "Z punktu widzenia cel\u00f3w prowadzonych bada\u0144 najistotniejsze jest jednak pozyskanie danych zar\u00f3wno od mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w miasta, jak i mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w wsi, przy czym ta ostatnia grupa by\u0142o nieco liczniej reprezentowana w badaniach (wykres 3).", "Uzyskane wyniki poddane zosta\u0142y analizie statystycznej testem chi-kwadrat Paersona. Zmienn\u0105 stanowi\u0142o miejsce zamieszkania. Za poziom istotno\u015bci statystycznej przyj\u0119to warto\u015b\u0107 p < 0,05.", "WYNIKI BADA\u0143", "Cz\u0119stotliwo\u015b\u0107 wizyt u lekarza okulisty nie jest w istotny statystycznie spos\u00f3b zale\u017cna od miejsca zamieszkania (p>0,05) i jest stosunkowo wysoka. 38% og\u00f3\u0142u badanych (37,8% mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w miast i 38,2% mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w wsi) bada wzrok co najmniej raz w roku, a 16% robi to dok\u0142adnie ze wskazaniami lekarza okulisty. Warto jednak podkre\u015bli\u0107, i\u017c 41% respondent\u00f3w w og\u00f3le nie kontroluje wzroku (tab. 1).", "Tabela 1. Cz\u0119stotliwo\u015b\u0107 wizyt u okulisty zale\u017cnie od miejsca zamieszkania", "Cz\u0119stotliwo\u015b\u0107 wizyt u okulisty:\tog\u00f3\u0142em\tmieszka\u0144cy miasta\tmieszka\u0144cy wsi", "n\t%\tn\t%\tn\t%", "Co najmniej raz do roku\t38\t38,0\t17\t37,8\t21\t38,2", "\u015aci\u015ble wg wskaza\u0144 lekarza okulisty \t16\t16,0\t7\t15,6\t9\t16,4", "Raz na dwa-trzy lata\t5\t5,0\t3\t6,7\t2\t3,6", "W og\u00f3le nie chodz\u0119\t41\t41,0\t18\t40,0\t23\t41,8", "Razem\t100\t100\t45\t100\t55\t100", "chi-kwadrat = 0,487 df = 3 p>0,05", "Tabela 2. Umiej\u0119tno\u015b\u0107 okre\u015blenia definicji za\u0107my", "Za\u0107ma polega na:\tog\u00f3\u0142em\tmieszka\u0144cy miasta\tmieszka\u0144cy wsi", "n\t%\tn\t%\tn\t%", "post\u0119puj\u0105cym m\u0119tnieniu oka\t43\t43,0\t19\t42,2\t24\t43,6", "post\u0119puj\u0105cym zaniku nerwu wzrokowego\t15\t15,0\t6\t13,3\t9\t16,4", "nie wiem\t42\t42,0\t20\t44,4\t22\t40,0", "Razem\t100\t100\t45\t100\t55\t100", "chi-kwadrat = 0,278 df = 2 p>0,05", "Bardzo wiele spo\u015br\u00f3d badanych os\u00f3b w og\u00f3le nie wie czym jest za\u0107ma. 42% respondent\u00f3w przyznaje si\u0119 do tej niewiedzy, za\u015b 15% uwa\u017ca, \u017ce za\u0107ma jest chorob\u0105 polegaj\u0105c\u0105 na post\u0119puj\u0105cym zaniku nerwu wzrokowego. Pozostali (43%) podali prawid\u0142ow\u0105 definicj\u0119 za\u0107my (tab. 2), mo\u017cna jednak z du\u017cym prawdopodobie\u0144stwem przyj\u0105\u0107, \u017ce pewien odsetek tej grupy zrobi\u0142 to przypadkowo, zakre\u015blaj\u0105c pierwsz\u0105 odpowied\u017a z listy. Brak istotno\u015bci statystycznej uzyskanej warto\u015bci testu chi-kwadrat (p>0,05) pozwala przyj\u0105\u0107, \u017ce niski poziom wiedzy o chorobie nie jest uwarunkowany miejscem zamieszkania.", "Tabela 3. Czynniki ryzyka za\u0107my wed\u0142ug respondent\u00f3w", "Czynniki ryzyka za\u0107my\tog\u00f3\u0142em\tmieszka\u0144cy miasta\tmieszka\u0144cy wsi", "n\t%\tn\t%\tn\t%", "Wiek powy\u017cej 50 r. \u017c.\t61\t61,0\t28\t62,2\t33\t60,0", "D\u0142ugotrwa\u0142e stosowanie lek\u00f3w w tym kortykosteroid\u00f3w\t8\t8,0\t4\t8,9\t4\t6,7", "Choroby metaboliczne np. cukrzyca\t21\t21,0\t8\t17,8\t13\t23,6", "Inne\t11\t11,0\t8\t17,8\t3\t5,5", "Nie wiem\t36\t36,0\t14\t31,1\t22\t40,0", "Razem\t137\t137,0\t62\t137,8\t75\t135,8", "chi-kwadrat = 4,464 df = 4 p>0,05", "*ze wzgl\u0119du na mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 wyboru kilku odpowiedzi wyniki nie sumuj\u0105 si\u0119 do 100%", "Znaczny odsetek mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w Radomia i okolic (36%) nie posiada \u017cadnej wiedzy o czynnikach ryzyka za\u0107my, przy czym r\u00f3wnie\u017c w tym przypadku poziom wiedzy nie jest zale\u017cny w spos\u00f3b istotny statystycznie od miejsca zamieszkania (p>0,05). Najbardziej znanym czynnikiem ryzyka zachorowania jest wiek. 61% badanych zdaje sobie spraw\u0119 z tego, \u017ce choroba ta dotyka przede wszystkim osoby starsze. 21% respondent\u00f3w wskaza\u0142o r\u00f3wnie\u017c na choroby metaboliczne (np. cukrzyca) jako czynnik ryzyka, 11% na takie czynniki, jak: zaka\u017cenia \u015br\u00f3dmaciczne (np. r\u00f3\u017cyczka), zaburzenia genetyczne w chwili urodzenia i choroby matki podczas ci\u0105\u017cy, za\u015b 8% w\u015br\u00f3d czynnik\u00f3w ryzyka wymieni\u0142o tak\u017ce d\u0142ugotrwa\u0142e stosowanie lek\u00f3w, w tym kortykosteroid\u00f3w (tab. 3).", "Tabela 4. Wiedza mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w Radomia i okolic o wczesnych objawach za\u0107my", "Wczesne objawy za\u0107my\tog\u00f3\u0142em\tmieszka\u0144cy miasta\tmieszka\u0144cy wsi", "n\t%\tn\t%\tn\t%", "B\u00f3l oka\t13\t13,0\t5\t11,1\t8\t14,5", "Nieostre widzenie\t54\t54,0\t25\t55,6\t29\t52,7", "Zjawisko ol\u015bnienia przy patrzeniu na \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o \u015bwiat\u0142a\t9\t9,0\t4\t8,9\t5\t9,1", "Konieczno\u015b\u0107 cz\u0119stej zmiany okular\u00f3w\t12\t12,0\t9\t20,0\t3\t5,5", "Sw\u0119dzenie oka\t5\t5,0\t1\t2,2\t4\t7,3", "Nie wiem\t37\t37,0\t15\t33,3\t22\t40,0", "Razem\t130\t130,0\t59\t131,1\t71\t129,1", "chi-kwadrat = 6,187 df = 5 p>0,05", "*ze wzgl\u0119du na mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 wyboru kilku odpowiedzi wyniki nie sumuj\u0105 si\u0119 do 100%", "Wiedza badanych os\u00f3b o pierwszych objawach za\u0107my nie jest w istotny statystycznie spos\u00f3b zale\u017cna od miejsca zamieszkania (p>0,05). Niezale\u017cnie od tej zmiennej wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 respondent\u00f3w (54%) za najwa\u017cniejszy objaw choroby uznaje spadek ostro\u015bci widzenia. O zjawisku ol\u015bnienia podczas patrzenia na \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o \u015bwiat\u0142a s\u0142ysza\u0142o 9% badanych. 13% badanych uwa\u017ca, ze b\u00f3l oka mo\u017ce by\u0107 objawem za\u0107my, a wed\u0142ug 12% taki objaw mo\u017ce stanowi\u0107 uczucie konieczno\u015bci cz\u0119stej zmiany okular\u00f3w. Jednak a\u017c 37% nigdy nie s\u0142ysza\u0142o o \u017c\u0105dnych objawach tej choroby (tab. 4).", "Tabela 5. Wiedza mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w Radomia i okolic o p\u00f3\u017anych objawach za\u0107my", "P\u00f3\u017ane objawy za\u0107my\tog\u00f3\u0142em\tmieszka\u0144cy miasta\tmieszka\u0144cy wsi", "n\t%\tn\t%\tn\t%", "Zaczerwienienie oka \t13\t13,0\t6\t13,3\t7\t12,7", "\u0141zawienie oka\t10\t10,0\t6\t13,3\t4\t7,3", "Kolory staj\u0105 si\u0119 wyblak\u0142e\t18\t18,0\t7\t15,6\t11\t20,0", "Postrzegane s\u0105 jedynie kontury du\u017cych przedmiot\u00f3w\t43\t43,0\t19\t42,2\t24\t43,6", "Nie wiem\t40\t40,0\t19\t42,2\t21\t38,2", "Razem\t124\t124,0\t57\t126,7\t67\t121,8", "chi-kwadrat = 1,299 df = 4 p>0,05", "*ze wzgl\u0119du na mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 wyboru kilku odpowiedzi wyniki nie sumuj\u0105 si\u0119 do 100%", "Zmienna miejsca zamieszkania nie ma statystycznie istotnego wp\u0142ywu (p>0,05) na rozpoznawanie p\u00f3\u017anych objaw\u00f3w za\u0107my. 40% og\u00f3\u0142u badanych przyznaje si\u0119 do ca\u0142kowitej niewiedzy w tym zakresie, za\u015b 43% za p\u00f3\u017any objaw za\u0107my uwa\u017ca coraz silniejsze \u201ezacieranie\u201d widzenia a\u017c do sytuacji, w kt\u00f3rej postrzegane s\u0105 jedynie kontury du\u017cych przedmiot\u00f3w. Dodatkowo badani wymieniali takie p\u00f3\u017ane objawy choroby, jak zaczerwienieni oczu (13%), \u0142zawienie (10%), czy te\u017c blakni\u0119cie postrzeganych kolor\u00f3w (18%) (tab. 5).", "Tabela 6. Mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 wyleczenia za\u0107my w opinii respondent\u00f3w", "Mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 wyleczenia\tog\u00f3\u0142em\tmieszka\u0144cy miasta\tmieszka\u0144cy wsi", "n\t%\tn\t%\tn\t%", "jest uleczalna\t78\t78,0\t36\t80,0\t42\t76,4", "nie jest uleczalna\t4\t4,0\t0\t0,0\t4\t7,3", "nie wiem\t18\t18,0\t9\t20,0\t9\t16,4", "Razem\t100\t100,0\t45\t100,0\t55\t100,0", "chi-kwadrat = 3,496 df = 2 p>0,05", "Badani mieszka\u0144cy Radomia i okolic (niezale\u017cnie od miejsca zamieszkania p>0,05) w znacznej wi\u0119kszo\u015bci (78%) zdaj\u0105 sobie spraw\u0119 z tego, ze zmiany widzenia w za\u0107mie s\u0105 odwracalne. Pomimo tego niepokoi fakt, \u017ce 18% nie wie nic na ten temat, za\u015b 4% jest przekonanych o nieuleczalno\u015bci choroby (tab. 6).", "Tabela 7. Reakcje respondent\u00f3w w przypadku stwierdzenia u siebie wczesnych objaw\u00f3w za\u0107my", "W przypadku stwierdzenia objaw\u00f3w za\u0107my:\tog\u00f3\u0142em\tmieszka\u0144cy miasta\tmieszka\u0144cy wsi", "n\t%\tn\t%\tn\t%", "Posz\u0142abym / poszed\u0142bym do lekarza okulisty\t62\t62,0\t29\t64,4\t33\t60,0", "Posz\u0142abym / poszed\u0142bym do lekarza rodzinnego\t26\t26,0\t11\t24,4\t15\t27,3", "Brak odpowiedzi\t11\t11,0\t5\t11,1\t6\t10,9", "Nie wiem\t1\t1,0\t0\t0,0\t1\t1,8", "Razem\t100\t100,0\t45\t100,0\t55\t100,0", "chi-kwadrat = 1,155 df = 3 p>0,05", "W przypadku stwierdzenia u siebie wczesnych objaw\u00f3w za\u0107my 62% badanych mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w Radomia i okolic zg\u0142osi\u0142oby si\u0119 do lekarza okulisty, za\u015b 26% odwiedzi\u0142oby najpierw lekarza rodzinnego. Pomimo pewnych r\u00f3\u017cnic procentowych w zachowania respondent\u00f3w zamieszkuj\u0105cych miasta i tereny wiejskie, zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 ta nie jest istotna statystycznie (p>0,05). Pomimo i\u017c tylko1% badanych nie wie, jak zachowa\u0142by si\u0119 w takiej sytuacji, to warto zauwa\u017cy\u0107 11% respondent\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rzy nie udzielili na to pytanie odpowiedzi. Mo\u017cna przypuszcza\u0107, \u017ce jest to grupa os\u00f3b, kt\u00f3ra nie zna objaw\u00f3w za\u0107my (tab. 7).", "Tabela 8. Reakcje respondent\u00f3w w przypadku zdiagnozowania za\u0107my", "W przypadku zdiagnozowania za\u0107my:\tog\u00f3\u0142em\tmieszka\u0144cy miasta\tmieszka\u0144cy wsi", "n\t%\tn\t%\tn\t%", "Zapisa\u0142abym / zapisa\u0142bym si\u0119 na pierwszy wolny termin operacji\t85\t85,0\t37\t82,2\t48\t87,3", "Zapisa\u0142abym / zapisa\u0142bym si\u0119 na odleg\u0142y termin operacji\t13\t13,0\t7\t15,5\t6\t10,9", "Nie zdecydowa\u0142abym / zdecydowa\u0142bym si\u0119 na operacj\u0119\t2\t2,0\t1\t2,2\t1\t1,8", "Razem\t100\t100,0\t45\t100,0\t55\t100,0", "chi-kwadrat = 0,505 df = 2 p>0,05", "Wysoka \u015bwiadomo\u015b\u0107 mo\u017cliwo\u015bci wyleczenia za\u0107my nie pozostaje bez wp\u0142ywu na sk\u0142onno\u015b\u0107 badanych do poddania si\u0119 leczeniu. A\u017c 85% respondent\u00f3w w sytuacji zdiagnozowanej choroby bez wahania zapisa\u0142oby si\u0119 na pierwszy wolny termin operacji. Tylko 13% zwleka\u0142oby z poddaniem si\u0119 leczeniu operacyjnemu, za\u015b 2% deklaruje brak zgody na podj\u0119cie takiej interwencji. Na te zachowania badanych os\u00f3b nie ma \u017cadnego wp\u0142ywu miejsce zamieszkania (p>0,05) (tab. 8).", "DYSKUSJA", "Wiedza o chorobie sk\u0142ada si\u0119 na \u015bwiadome decyzje, kt\u00f3re dotycz\u0105 rzeczy\u00acwistych zachowa\u0144 zdrowotnych. Brak wiedzy mo\u017ce prowadzi\u0107 do lekcewa\u017cenia wielu objaw\u00f3w choroby. Dlatego podj\u0119to pr\u00f3b\u0119 zbadania poziomu wiedzy mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w miasta i wsi na temat za\u0107my. W podj\u0119tych i prezentowanych badaniach chodzi\u0142o przede wszystkim o zidentyfikowanie obszar\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re wymagaj\u0105 szerokiej kampanii informacyjnej, a tak\u017ce okre\u015blenie element\u00f3w warunkuj\u0105cych wiedz\u0119 spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa o tej chorobie. W szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci starano si\u0119 dociec, jaki jest wp\u0142yw miejsca zamieszkania na poziom wiedzy pacjent\u00f3w plac\u00f3wek Podstawowej Opieki Zdrowotnej mieszkaj\u0105cych w Radomiu i okolicznych wsiach.", "Przyst\u0119puj\u0105c do bada\u0144 przyj\u0119to wst\u0119pn\u0105 hipotez\u0119 o wyst\u0119powaniu zale\u017cno\u015bci pomi\u0119dzy miejscem zamieszkania badanych pacjent\u00f3w a poziomem ich wiedzy o za\u0107mie. Jednak analiza uzyskanych wynik\u00f3w zmusza do odrzucenia tej hipotezy. Test niezale\u017cno\u015bci chi-kwadrat Pearsona przy wszystkich badanych zmiennych nie wykaza\u0142 statystycznie istotnych r\u00f3\u017cnic zale\u017cnie od miejsca zamieszkania. R\u00f3wnie\u017c A. Kotowski, badaj\u0105c mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w wojew\u00f3dztwa \u0142\u00f3dzkiego nie stwierdzi\u0142 zale\u017cno\u015bci pomi\u0119dzy miejscem zamieszkania a udzia\u0142em w akcjach profilaktycznych [7].", "Za\u0107ma to choroba soczewki oka, polegaj\u0105ca na cz\u0119\u015bciowym lub ca\u0142kowitym jej zm\u0119tnieniu, co sprawia, \u017ce soczewka traci sw\u0105 przejrzysto\u015b\u0107 [3]. Jednak wiedza przeci\u0119tnego pacjenta nie obejmuje takie definicji i ponad po\u0142owa respondent\u00f3w w badaniach w\u0142asnych albo przyznaje si\u0119 do ca\u0142kowitej niewiedzy, czym jest za\u0107ma, albo te\u017c podaje ca\u0142kowicie b\u0142\u0119dne okre\u015blenie choroby. R\u00f3wnie\u017c badania przeprowadzone w 2010 roku przez CBOS na grupie pacjent\u00f3w po operacji za\u0107my oraz na grupie os\u00f3b oczekuj\u0105cych na tak\u0105 operacj\u0119, pokaza\u0142y bardzo niski poziom wiedzy spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa o tej chorobie [8]. Skoro zatem osoby dotkni\u0119te chorob\u0105 prezentuj\u0105 niski poziom wiedzy o niej, trudno oczekiwa\u0107, aby pozostali cz\u0142onkowie spo\u0142eczno\u015bci pacjent\u00f3w posiadali szerok\u0105 wiedz\u0119.", "Ponad po\u0142owa badanych mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w Radomia i okolic potrafi wymieni\u0107 podstawowy czynnik ryzyka za\u0107my, jakim jest wiek. Jednak w dobie coraz cz\u0119stszego stosowania kortykosteroid\u00f3w, niepokoi fakt niskiej \u015bwiadomo\u015bci wp\u0142ywu tej grupy lek\u00f3w na ryzyko wyst\u0105pienia za\u0107my. Jak bowiem donosi M. L. Kowalski [9] na podstawie bada\u0144 R. G. Cumminga i in. [10] istnieje wykazana statystycznie zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 pomi\u0119dzy przyjmowaniem wziewnych kortykosteroid\u00f3w a ryzykiem zachorowania na podtorebkowy typ za\u0107my. Tymczasem w grupie badanych pacjent\u00f3w POZ z takiej zale\u017cno\u015bci zdaje sobie spraw\u0119 zaledwie 8% respondent\u00f3w.", "Niewiele ponad po\u0142owa (54%) badanych pacjent\u00f3w kojarzy nieostre widzenie z za\u0107m\u0105. Mo\u017cna zatem przypuszcza\u0107, \u017ce zmniejszanie ostro\u015bci widzenia wielu pacjent\u00f3w zlekcewa\u017cy, chocia\u017c stosunkowo wysoka cz\u0119stotliwo\u015b\u0107 wizyt u okulisty mo\u017ce pozwoli\u0107 na szybk\u0105 diagnoz\u0119 choroby. Skoro jednak 41% badanych w og\u00f3le nie odwiedza okulisty i nie potrafi wymieni\u0107 cho\u0107by jednego objawu za\u0107my to szanse na utrat\u0119 wzroku w tej grupie pacjent\u00f3w s\u0105 bardzo wysokie. Co jednak wa\u017cne 78% respondent\u00f3w wie, \u017ce utrata wzroku w za\u0107mie jest odwracalna, a w przypadku wyst\u0105pienia problem\u00f3w ze wzrokiem 88% badanych deklaruje natychmiastow\u0105 wizyt\u0119 u lekarza (okulisty lub rodzinnego), co jest pozytywnym akcentem w prowadzonych badaniach. Wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 badanych bez wahania podda\u0142oby si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c leczeniu operacyjnemu.", "Brak odno\u015bnych bada\u0144 w literaturze przedmiotu nie pozwala na porwanie uzyskanych wynik\u00f3w z liczniejszymi grupami pacjent\u00f3w, b\u0105d\u017a te\u017c z pacjentami pochodz\u0105cymi z innych region\u00f3w Polski. Badanie przeprowadzone przez CBOS [8], by\u0142y prowadzone na zlecenie prywatnej firmy i obejmowa\u0142y wy\u0142\u0105cznie osoby chore, u kt\u00f3rych z pewno\u015bci\u0105 poziom wiedzy o chorobie jest wy\u017cszy ni\u017c w grupie os\u00f3b, kt\u00f3re nigdy z t\u0105 chorob\u0105 si\u0119 bezpo\u015brednio nie zetkn\u0119\u0142y. Dlatego zaznacza si\u0119 wyra\u017ana konieczno\u015b\u0107 przeprowadzenia og\u00f3lnopolskich bada\u0144 dotycz\u0105cych stanu wiedzy spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa o za\u0107mie. Ju\u017c jednak na podstawie prezentowanych w niniejszym artykule wycinkowych bada\u0144 mo\u017cna wskaza\u0107 na potrzeb\u0119 szeroko zakrojonej kampanii informacyjnej. Najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 skuteczno\u015b\u0107 mia\u0142aby zapewne kampania medialna, jak bowiem donosz\u0105 badacze ponad 80% spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa uzyskuje informacje na temat zdrowia przez media [11,12]. Konkluduj\u0105c nale\u017cy te\u017c zauwa\u017cy\u0107, \u017ce wobec niskiego poziomu wiedzy pacjent\u00f3w POZ, du\u017ce wyzwanie stoi przed piel\u0119gniarkami \u015brodowiskowymi, kt\u00f3re w ramach konieczno\u015bci pe\u0142nienia funkcji edukacyjnej i promocji zdrowia [13], powinny we wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy z lekarzem rodzinnym, informowa\u0107 pacjent\u00f3w o objawach, ryzyku i post\u0119powaniu w przypadku stwierdzenia objaw\u00f3w takich chor\u00f3b, jak za\u0107ma.", "WNIOSKI", "1.\tMiejsce zamieszkania nie wp\u0142ywa na cz\u0119stotliwo\u015b\u0107 wizyt u lekarza okulisty.", "2.\tWiedza mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w wsi o czynnikach ryzyka, objawach i leczeniu za\u0107my nie jest w istotny spos\u00f3b ni\u017csza od wiedzy mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w miasta.", "3.\tPotencjalna gotowo\u015b\u0107 do zgody na operacj\u0119 za\u0107my nie jest determinowana miejscem zamieszkania.", "4.\tIstnieje potrzeba szeroko zakrojonej kampanii informacyjnej, dotycz\u0105cej przede wszystkim objaw\u00f3w za\u0107my i zachowania w przypadku ich stwierdzenia.", "5.\tKampania medialna powinna by\u0107 skierowana do og\u00f3\u0142u spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa, niezale\u017cnie od miejsca zamieszkania, a zatem najbardziej skuteczna powinna by\u0107 tym przypadku kampania medialna.", "Open Access", "This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.", "PI\u015aMIENNICTWO", "[1]\tIwaszkiewicz-Bilikiewicz B. Za\u0107ma (cataracta). Geriatra 2008;2:252-254.", "[2]\tFletcher A. E., Vijaykumar V., Selvaraj S., Thulasiraj R. D., Ellwein L. B., The Madurai Intraocular Lens Study III. Visual functioning and quality of life outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 1998;125:26-35.", "[3]\tSzaflik J., Izdebska J., Zaleska A. Za\u0107ma \u2013 najcz\u0119stsza przyczyna uleczalnej \u015blepoty. Przew Lek 2000;2(10):78-86.", "[4]\tOle\u015b M., Ole\u015b P., Toczo\u0142owski J., Klonowski P. W kierunku psychomedycznych wyznacznik\u00f3w poczucia jako\u015bci \u017cycia u chorych z zaburzeniami widzenia. Sztuka Leczenia 2003;1 (9):29-36.", "[5]\tKa\u0144ska J. Okulistyka kliniczna kompendium. Wroc\u0142aw: Wyd. Urban & Partner; 2006.", "[6]\tLitwin M., Bryg H. Wybrane zagadnienia okulistyczne. Krak\u00f3w: Wyd. ZamKor; 2005.", "[7]\tKotowski A. Badanie ankietowe nt. wiedzy i potrzeb mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w wojew\u00f3dztwa \u0142\u00f3dzkiego w zakresie profilaktyki chor\u00f3b, przeprowadzone metod\u0105 CATI. Podsumowanie. \u0141\u00f3d\u017a: Wyd. IQ Laboratorium; 2010.", "[8]\tCBOS. Og\u00f3lnopolskie badanie na temat wiedzy o za\u0107mie. Warszawa: Alcon; 2010.", "[9]\tKowalski M. L. Stosowanie kortykosteroid\u00f3w wziewnych a ryzyko za\u0107my. Alergia Astam Immunol 1997;2 (3):155-156.", "[10]\tCumming R. G., Mitchell P., Leeder S. R. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of cataracts. New Eng J Med. 1997;337:8-14.", "[11]\tSzymczuk E., Zajchowska J., Dominik A., Makara-Studzi\u0144ska M., Zwolak A., Daniluk J. Media jako \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o wiedzy o zdrowiu.", "[12]\tVordermark D., Kolbl O., Flentje M. The Internet as a source of medical information. Investigation in a mixed cohort of radiotherapy patients. Strahlenther Onkol 2000;176 (11):532-535.", "[13]\tSteciwko A. Wybrane problemy s\u0142u\u017cby zdrowia w Polsce, [w:] Medycyna rodzinna. Sloane P. D., Slatt L. M., Cutris P. (red.). Wroc\u0142aw: Wyd. Urban & Partner; 1998:59-64.", "This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.", "Conflict of interest: None declared.", "Received: 15.02.2013.", "Revised: 15.03.2013.", "Accepted: 19.05.2013.", "Journal of Health Sciences (J of H Ss) 2013; 3(5): 29-38", "The journal has had 4 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 683.", "ACADEMIC STRESS DUE TO DEPRESSION AMONG MEDICAL AND PARA-MEDICAL STUDENTS IN AN INDIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE: HEALTH INITIATIVES CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY", "Balkishan Sharma, Rajshekhar Wavare", "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2013;", "This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Radom University in Radom, Poland", "Dr. Balkishan Sharma Ph. D.", "Corresponding Author", "Associate Professor of Biostatistics,", "Department of Community Medicine,", "Sri Aurobindo Medical College and P. G. Institute, Indore, (M. P.), India;", "E-Mail: bksnew@rediffmail.com & bksnew@gmail.com", "Phone:(0731) 423101 and, Fax:(0731) 4231010", "Dr. Rajshekhar Wavare M. D. (Community Medicine)", "Co-Author", "Professor & Head of Department,", "Department of Community Medicine,", "Sri Aurobindo Medical College and P. G. Institute, Indore, (M. P.), India;", "E-Mail: rajwavare@rediffmail.com", "Phone:(0731) 4231010 and Fax:(0731) 4231010", "Abstract:", "Introduction and aim: Stress is usually a precursor to anxiety and anxiety is usually a precursor to depression, can reduce the efficiency of healthy individuals. This study is aimed to observe the levels of depression, leads to stresses and its effect on vital parameters during academic curriculum.", "Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study is designed which conducted at Sri Aurobindo Medical College and P. G. Institute, Indore, (M. P.) India. 132 final year MBBS and Physiotherapy students of academic year 2012-13 were selected as subjects. The height, weight, pulse rate and blood pressure were taken before and during pre-university examination. Zung\u2019s scale was used for assessment of depression.", "Results: There was highly significant difference in vital parameters [PR (t=7.86, P<0.001), SBP (t=5.39, P<0.001) and DBP (t=3.92, P<0.001)] during examination. The depression level was high as Extreme major depression was observed in 7.9% of boys and 11.8% of girls from MBBS and 10.7% of girls from Physiotherapy. SDS Index of depression was more in girls as compared to boys.", "Conclusion: It was observed that academic examinations for Medical and Para-medical students are stressful and produce changes in vital parameters which affected their academic performance. Academics and examinations are the most powerful stressors in Medical and Para-medical students.", "Key Words: Depression, Stress, Anxiety, Stressor, Pulse rate and Vital Parameters.", "Abbreviation: PR-Pulse Rate, SBP- Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP-Diastolic Blood Pressure and SDS-Standardized Depression Scale", "________________________________________", "Introduction: Depression is a disorder of mood involves varying levels of sadness and despair associated with stress. Depression has received a lot of attention in the media and is far more widely accepted today than it has ever been in the past. The term \u201cstress\u201d was firstly employed in the 1930\u2019s by the endocrinologist Hans Selye [1]. Stress is a response to any event which is perceived to alter or threaten our well\u2013being and is a cognitive (thought) process; is the body's reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional response. Indian education system resembles colonial legacy: educational structure, curriculum design and pattern of examination [2]. But too much stress can cause a lot of discomfort and can get in the way of being able to focus and achieve.", "As a college student all have a lot of demands on them, which it can be difficult to balance. Stress is a term in Psychology and Biology, which in the more recent decades, has become a common place of popular parlance [3]. Studies suggest that high levels of stress and psychological morbidity occur in health care profession students [4]. Considerable research has investigated stressors and psychological morbidity in medical, dental and nursing students [5-9]. However, few studies have been undertaken in physiotherapy students. This study explores different levels of depression acquired stresses and psychological morbidity in undergraduate medical and physiotherapy students.", "Depression is actually a particular pattern of disturbing psychological and physiological reactions that occur when an environment event threatens important motives. Depression leads to stress which is caused by an existing stress-causing factor or \"stressor.\" All are aware of fearfulness of examinations and especially about practical examination in a professional college. Whether it is a test or an annual promotion examination, it does cause to loose some sleep which leads to anxiety and depression. It is confirmed the general impression that there is a considerable amount of stress among medical students [10] and the perceived stress was significantly higher among female students [11].", "High levels of perceived stress existed in the first and second year undergraduate medical students [12]. Negative affect, depressive mood, and salivary cortisol were elevated during exams [13]. Stress, depression, and troubled relationships may have synergistic inflammatory effects: loneliness, subclinical depression, and major depression enhance inflammatory responses to an acute stressful event [14]. Too much stress pooled with other psychological factors can be damaging and can disrupt normal functioning of the students. It may lead to further psychological complications causing psychological morbidity. Subjective experience of stressors in students can lead to poor quality of life, condensed self-esteem resulting in lower self-confidence, compromised ability to cope with daily life problems and may influence student's academic performance [15-16]. Students that drop out of professional institutions actually do not lack intellectual ability, but emotional problems and poor motivation lead to failure [17]. Stressors experienced by third-year medical radiation sciences students during their clinical education have been reported [18].", "Various physiological studies have shown that depression leads to stress and which can affect the physical health even the vital parameters. These changes include increase in pulse rate and blood pressure. The present study was aimed to assess the stress due to depression and its effect on vital parameters during academic examination in final year medical and paramedical students.", "Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study is design to assess the levels of depression, leads to stresses and its effect on vital parameters during academic curriculum. The study was carried out at Sri Aurobindo Medical College and P. G. Institute, Indore, (M. P.) India. The final year MBBS and Physiotherapy students of academic year 2012-13 appearing for university examination were selected as subjects. There were 148 students out of which 132 participated in the study. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional research and ethical committee. Two months prior to the academic examination height (cm), weight (kg), Pulse rate and Blood Pressure were recorded and again during academic examination the same was repeated. The observed mean age of student was 21.00\u00b12.54 years. Sixteen students were excluded from the study as they were absent during examination. After explaining the purpose of the study a questionnaire was provided to one student at a time just before the start of viva-voce and was asked to answer (fill up) the questions in prescribed format so as to assess their depression level.", "Zung\u2019s scale was used to assess the depression level [19]. The questionnaire consists of twenty questions where Likert Scale Format is used for assessment and scoring of depression level. Ten questions based on positive answers and ten negative are included. Each question has answer score from 1 to 4. The option for each question is (a) None or a little of the time (b) Some of the time (c) Good part of the time and (d) Most or all of the time. The raw score is converted to 100 point scale (SDS Raw Index). SDS Raw Index=(Raw Score/80 total points)x100 and SDS Index=SDS Raw Index*1.25.The score obtained was analyzed by using scale of depression according to Zung\u2019s categorization as <50 is Normal, <60 is Mild Depression, <70 is Moderate or Marked Major Depression and >70 is Severe or Extreme Major Depression. Pre readings (before examination) for Pulse Rate, Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure were compared with post readings (at the time of examination). Body Mass Index was calculated for all the students [20].", "Statistics: The Data were entered into the computer database. The responses of frequencies were calculated and analyzed by using statistical software SPSS version 11.0. Prevalence of an outcome variable along with 95% confidence interval was calculated. Student\u2019s t-test for paired samples was used to compare the mean values of study variable in relation to depression. The descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation of different study variables was calculated. The Zung\u2019s self rating depression scale [19] was analyzed by categorization of the three levels (Mild, Moderate or Marked Major and Severe or Extreme Major Depression) of depression as presence of depression. The probability value p<0.05 was considered as significant, p<0.01 and p<0.001 were considered as highly significant.", "Results: The findings reported that in MBBS the boys and girls are equally distributed whereas in physiotherapy 93% were girls. This may be because of more number of girls opting for physiotherapy course.", "Table no 1 revealed the weight and height of students of MBBS and Physiotherapy course. The table 2 showed that of the total selected subjects most of the students (58.3%) had normal weight, 19.7% were overweight (pre obese increased category-I), 10.6% in underweight category and 3.8% were in obesity. Major proportion of boys (68.4%) and girls (58.8%) from MBBS course and (51.8%) of girls from physiotherapy course were normal weight. 28.9% boys and 17.6% girls from MBBS course and (30.4%) of girls from physiotherapy course were in pre obese increased category-I. 23.5% and 8.9% girls from MBBS and physiotherapy course physiotherapy course were found to be underweight respectively. It was also observed that 8.9% of girls from physiotherapy course were obese. The mean Body mass index for boys was 23.01 kg/m2 and girls 21.44 kg/m2 of MBBS course and 24.05 kg/m2 for boys and 23.95 kg/m2 for girls of physiotherapy course while 23.03 kg/m2 was observed in the total population.", "The scale of depression according to Zung\u2019s categorization is; <50 is Normal, <60 is Mild Depression, <70 is Moderate or Marked Major Depression and >70 is Severe or Extreme Major Depression. It is observed in the table 3 that 18.4% of boys and 35.3% of girls from MBBS course and 25% of girls from Physiotherapy were normal. It is also seen that more than half (60.5%) of boys and more than one-fourth (26.5%) of girls from MBBS course and exactly three-fourth (75.0%) of boys and approximately one-third (30.4%) of girls from Physiotherapy had mild depression whereas 13.2% of boys and 26.5% of girls from MBBS course and 25% of boys and 33.9% of girls from Physiotherapy had marked major depression. 7.9% of boys and 11.8% of girls from MBBS course and 10.7% of girls from Physiotherapy suffered from extreme major depression (table3).", "The Mean Depression score (SDS Index) for boys was 56.50 and girls 56.29 from MBBS course and 56.25 for boys and 58.96 for girls from Physiotherapy course while 57.48 was observed in the total population. It was also observed from the table 4 that the Mean Depression Score (SDS Index) was more for girls as compared to boys during their academic examination. There was no difference between Mean Depression Score (SDS Index) in the students of MBBS and Physiotherapy course during their academic examination (Table-3). It is confirmed from table 4 that there is a highly significant difference between before and at the time of examination observations in vital parameters such as Pulse rate (p<0.001; two tailed), Systolic Blood Pressure (p<0.001; two tailed) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (p<0.001; two tailed) due to examination stress in all the students from MBBS and Physiotherapy course (Table-4). Mean pre-readings in all the students from MBBS and Physiotherapy course for Pulse rate, Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure were 77.52 7.75 per minute, 120.29 9.66 mm of Hg and 81.07 8.71 mm of Hg respectively and Mean post readings at the time of examination for Pulse rate, Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure were 84.73 11.24 per minute, 124.76 10.41 mm of Hg, 83.76 8.03 mm of Hg respectively (Table-4).", "Table no. 5 shows that there was highly significant difference in pulse rate among boys before and during the time of examination (p<0.001) in MBBS course and in girls of both MBBS (p<0.001) and physiotherapy course (p<0.008). The systolic blood pressure was found to be highly significant statistically among boys (p<0.001) in MBBS course and in girls (p<0.001) of physiotherapy course. The diastolic blood pressure also showed highly significant difference among girls (p<0.006) in MBBS course and in girls (p<0.001) of physiotherapy course.", "Discussion-The present study showed that there was significant difference in vital parameters (Pulse rate, Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure) during academic examination. It was also observed that the depression level as indicated by Zung\u2019s self-rating depression scale was very high [19].The girls had more depression as compared to boys. A recent research reported similar findings by [11] Mohsin S. et al. (2010) that the overall mean perceived stress was significantly higher among female students and a higher level of perceived stress was reported by the students but with the contrast that stress was not found to differ significantly on the basis of sex as reported by [21] Supe AN (1998). Recently, the study [22] revealed that the depression and stress were found even in adolescent age. Further, the findings of study revealed that during adolescent period they undergo various stresses and adjustment and it depends upon their ability to cope with stress in various places like home, school, peers and teachers [22]. Girls had more stress as compared to boys and academics and examinations are the most powerful stressors in medical students observed by Sharma BK et al. (2011) [23].", "The prevalence of anxiety is much higher than either depression or stress, with some differences in their findings correlates except for age among university students, opined by [24] Khadijah S et al. (2013). Various studies [25] Shah C et al. (2009), [10] Reem Rachel A (2009) and [21] Supe AN (1998) confirmed the general impression that there is a considerable amount of stress among medical students which is common and process oriented. Earlier, there have been a number of studies of the prevalence of depression in university students worldwide [26-30]. However, different studies used different assessments. Recently, [31] Chen L et al. (2013) found that major depressive disorder was seen in 4.0% of Chinese university students. In a study based on stress among physiotherapy students conducted by [32] Fazaila Sabih et al. (2013) highlighted the higher level of stress in undergraduate physiotherapy students.", "Moreover, [33] Steenberger et al. (1993) and [34] Ronald BW (1993) opined that girls have reported exams, as the reason for their stress than their male colleagues. [35] Mamoza MA (2008) obtained the response of stress by confirming the higher prevalence of stress in undergraduate medical students. It was observed by [36] Everly GS and Rosenfeld R (1981) that stress is a psycho-physiologic arousal occurring in the body as a result of a stimulus which becomes a \u201cstressor\u201d by virtue of the cognitive interpretation of the individual.", "The study showed the impact of stress and depression and the authors; [3] Mannapur B et al. (2010) observed that the students with psychological stress were found to be involved in habits like tobacco chewing and smoking, as well as alcohol intake. Average stress of the professional group is significantly higher then non-professional group of students reflected in the study conducted by [37] Singh A and Singh S (2008). The prevalence of perceived stress seems to be high among medical students, which tends to affect not only their academic performances but also all aspects of health and the frequency of stress seems considerable with little difference between males and females observed by [38] Babar TS et al. (2004) which correlates with the present study.", "Furthermore, the academic examinations in Medical and Para-medical students are found to be stressful due to high levels of depression followed by significant changes in vital parameters which may affect their academic performances. The study conducted by [39] Sajjan K and Krupa J (2005) confirms the general impression that there is considerable amount of stress found among the occupational therapy students.", "Summary of the findings: The study reflected that level of depression was more in girls as compared to boys. The main stressor was related to academic examinations. An attempt has been made to identify the depression and related stress profile of final year medical and physiotherapy students at the time of academic examinations. As it is confirmed the general impression that there is a considerable amount of depression which leads to stress and produces changes in vital parameters in final year Medical and Para-medical students and it is common and process oriented.", "Limitations of the study: Authors acknowledge that this is a study with sample of only final year Medical and Para-medical students appearing for university examination drawn from only one medical college. Furthermore, the findings of this study are based on self reported information provided by students and some potential for reporting bias may have occurred because of student\u2019s interpretation of the questions or simply because of inaccuracies of responses or desire to report their emotions in a certain way. It could be considered as one of the limitation of this study. A prospective study could be carried out with a cohort of all year students in all the medical and paramedical colleges in the territory of Madhya Pradesh to look at the different levels of academic stress related to depression.", "Implications of the study: A high depression level may affect not only academic performances but also all aspects of student physical health. The stressors should be identified and discussed with individual students. As depression which impacted these stress in colleges cannot be eliminated. It is worth advisable that teachers can and should do a better job and provide review of academics and exam schedules, more leisure time activities, better interaction with the faculty and proper guidance, advisory services and peer counseling could do a lot to reduce the depression. Interventions like reduction of levels of depression, perceived by students approaching exam can be planned while laying more emphasis on regular, day by day reading, mock examinations and use of question banks could alleviate the fear, depression and anxieties associated with the university examination.", "Conflict of Interest: None", "Abbreviation: PR-Pulse Rate, SBP- Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP-Diastolic Blood Pressure and SDS-Standardized Depression Scale", "Open Access", "This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.", "References", "[1] Hans Selye: The stresses of life. MC Graw Hill, New York; 1956. 523-567.", "[2] Dehaan RL, Venkatnarayan KM : Education for innovation. 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Edu for Health 2004; 17 (3): 346 \u2013 353.", "[39] Sajjan K and Krupa J: Study of stress level in occupational therapy students during their academic curriculum The Indian J of Occup Thera 2005: 37 (1): 11-14", "Table-1: Sex-wise distribution of students according to weight and height", "Parameter\tVariable\tMBBS\tPhysiotherapy", "Boys\tGirls\tBoys\tGirls", "Weight of Student", "(Kilograms)\t35 -55\t1 (2.6)\t13 (38.2)\t3 (75.0)\t18 (32.1)", "56-75\t25 (65.8)\t19 (55.9)\t1 (25.0)\t33 (58.9)", "\u226575\t12 (31.6)\t2 (5.9)\t0 (0.0)\t5 (8.9)", "TOTAL\t38 (100.0)\t34 (100.0)\t4 (100.0)\t56 (100.0)", "Height of Student", "(Centimeters)\t140-160\t0 (0.0)\t14 (41.2)\t0 (0.0)\t39 (69.6)", "161-180\t27 (71.1)\t19 (55.9)\t3 (75.0)\t17 (30.4)", "\u2265180\t11 (28.9)\t1 (2.9)\t1 (25.0)\t0 (0.0)", "TOTAL\t38 (100.0)\t34 (100.0)\t4 (100.0)*\t56 (100.0)", "*The figure in parenthesis denotes the corresponding percentage.", "Table-2: Sex-wise distribution of students according to according to Body Mass Index", "Variable\tMBBS\tPhysiotherapy", "Boys\tGirls\tBoys\tGirls", "<18.5 \t1 (2.6)\t8 (23.5)\t0 (0.0)\t5 (8.9)", "18.5-24.9 \t26 (68.4)\t20 (58.8)\t2 (50.0)\t29 (51.8)", "25-29.9 \t11 (28.9)\t6 (17.6)\t2 (50.0)\t17 (30.4)", "\u226530\t0 (0.0)\t0 (0.0)\t0 (0.0)\t5 (8.9)", "TOTAL\t38 (100.0)\t34 (100.0)\t4 (100.0)*\t56 (100.0)", "*The figure in parenthesis denotes the corresponding percentage", "Table-3: Sex-wise distribution of students according to according to depression", "Level of Stress", "SDS INDEX\tMBBS\tPhysiotherapy", "Boys\tGirls\tBoys\tGirls", "<50 \t7 (18.4)\t12 (35.3)\t0 (0.0)\t14 (25.0)", "51-59.9 \t23 (60.5)\t9 (26.5)\t3 (75.0)\t17 (30.4)", "60-69.9 \t5 (13.2)\t9 (26.5)\t1 (25.0)\t19 (33.9)", "\u226570\t3 (7.9)\t4 (11.8)\t0 (0.0)\t6 (10.7)", "TOTAL\t38 (100.0)\t34 (100.0)\t4 (100.0)*\t56 (100.0)", "*The figure in parenthesis denotes the corresponding percentage.", "Table-4: Comparison between Pulse rate, Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure before and at the time of examination", "Parameters\tBefore examination\tAt the time of examination\tMean", "Difference\tp\tLOS", "Pulse rate\t77.52 7.75\t84.73 11.24\t7.21 3.49\t7.86\tP<0.001", "Systolic Blood Pressure\t120.29 9.66\t124.76 10.41\t4.47 0.75\t5.39\tP<0.001", "Diastolic Blood Pressure\t81.07 8.71\t83.76 8.03\t2.69 0.68\t3.92\tP<0.001", "The mean difference is highly significant at the 0.001 level for 131 degrees of freedom. [LOS-Level of Significance]", "Table-5 : Sex-wise comparison between Pulse rate, Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure before and at the time of examination", "Parameters\tCourse\tSex\tBefore examination\tAt the time of examination\tp\tLOS", "Pulse rate\tMBBS\tM\t78.47 8.75\t87.84 10.55\t5.94\tp<0.001", "Physiotherapy\tM\t79.75 4.11\t82.25 3.86\t1.89\tp>0.05*", "MBBS\tF\t76.41 8.15\t90.94 13.60\t6.23\tp<0.001", "Physiotherapy\tF\t77.39 6.99\t79.04 7.11\t2.73\tp<0.008", "Systolic Blood Pressure\tMBBS\tM\t118.97 9.93\t127.63 11.78\t4.63\tp<0.001", "Physiotherapy\tM\t126.25 11.82\t128.75 8.54\t0.78\tp>0.05*", "MBBS\tF\t115.59 10.00\t117.94 10.37\t1.19\tp>0.05*", "Physiotherapy\tF\t123.61 7.72\t126.66 7.56\t4.37\tp<0.001", "Diastolic Blood Pressure\tMBBS\tM\t80.11 6.38\t82.18 9.98\t1.31\tp>0.05*", "Physiotherapy\tM\t88.00 5.48\t85.75 5.44\t0.59\tp>0.05*", "MBBS\tF\t74.03 10.24\t78.82 7.10\t2.97\tp<0.006", "Physiotherapy\tF\t85.50 5.83\t87.68 4.69\t3.46\tp<0.001", "The mean difference is highly significant at the 0.001, 0.006 and 0.008 levels of significance. * The mean difference isn\u2019t significant (insignificant) at the 0.05 level. [LOS-Level of Significance]", "This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.", "Conflict of interest: None declared.", "Received: 15.02.2013.", "Revised: 15.03.2013.", "Accepted: 19.05.2013.", "Correspondence to:-Dr. Balkishan Sharma, Ph. D., Dept. of Community Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and P. G. Institute, Indore, (M. P.) India. Mob: 9926049820, Fax:(0731) 4231010 E-mail : bksnew@rediffmail.com", "Journal of Health Sciences (J of H Ss) 2013; 3(5): 39-58", "The journal has had 4 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 683.", "EXERCISE AND RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES", "Marek Napierala1, Walery Zukow2, Ewa Maczynska2", "1Kazimierz Wielki Uniwersytet, Bydgoszcz, Poland", "2University of Economy, Bydgoszcz, Poland", "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2013;", "This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Radom University in Radom, Poland", "Key words: activity; respiratory; circulatory.", "Abstract", "Background", "This paper describes the problem of the impact of physical activity on cardiovascular disease. Poor physical activity reduced the amount of blood circulating and caused a reduction in the number of red blood cells, which resulted in a reduction in physical and mental endurance of the human body.", "Objectives", "The aim was to prove that the main reason is the lack of cases to take any form of physical activity. The aim of this study was to answer the questions:", "1. What are the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are most common?", "2. How often accompanied by symptoms of the disease?", "3. When the disease was diagnosed, and when it was taken treatment?", "Material and Methods", "The study was conducted in March and April 2010. It was attended by 105 patients undergoing treatment in rehabilitation ward in Kujavian-Pomeranian Pulmonology Center in Bydgoszcz and patients held in the outpatient rehabilitation clinic. The research method was used diagnostic survey and a questionnaire filled out for all patients suffering from diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems.", "Results", "The results of the respiratory and circulatory system confirms that movement and all forms of physical activity are more appreciated in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Thanks also allowed respondents to provide answers big and positive effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system. In the treatment of respiratory diseases increased attention being paid to the pharmacological methods while ignoring the important role of physical activity.", "Conclusions", "1. Physical activity reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases.", "2. Adherence to treatment by a physician reduces the symptoms being sick.", "3. No makes any form of physical activity before the onset of the disease increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and respiratory.", "Introduction", "A physical effort has a favorable impact on health of the man undoubtedly and it stayed repeatedly substantiated by scientists, especially in working on the cardiovascular system, which greatest health problem constituted in Poland. The meager motor activity reduced the number of circulating blood as well as caused reducing the number of erythrocytes, of what lowering the physical fitness and impairment of the body of the man were consequences. Cardiovascular diseases constituted the cause over the 50% of all deaths.", "At the man made out mentally from one page in the subconscious feeling the need for the move, as bases of the health lie, on the other one can see the tendency of considerable limiting efforts, causing many illnesses and posing a threat to the life. Using conveniences created by the civilization to a considerable degree a motor initiative was restricted. It leads hearts, the obesity, atherosclerosis and different forms of neurosis to the occurrence of diseases associated with the progress of civilization as which among others ischaemic illness was recognised (Ku\u0144ski 1985). The physical or motor activity refers to any bringing up oneself produced by the muscle spasm which cause burning additional calories. Raking leaves up, the walk or the dance are an example of the physical activity (small stick 2008).", "Motor possibilities are a sign of the health of the man, however the activity is a crucial factor influencing his state. Every motor activity serves molding, accumulating, supporting or restoring to health. This belief is based on many tests and publications showing the positive effect of different exercises to the body of the man and both negative consequences of the inactivity. Ones motor forms mold the efficiency essential for the life, other the endurance and the needed function in different situations of the life (Nowotny 2003).", "Amongst many positive factors of the increased motor activity they deserve the greater attention: the improvement in the function and the physical fitness, reducing the threat of cardiovascular diseases, reducing the threat with illnesses of the metabolism, among others obesity or diabetes (G\u00f3rski 2001).", "Regular exercises help to prevent all heart diseases, for osteoporosis and with settling other illnesses, are a crucial element of losing the weight range or also keeping the healthy weight range. A sitting lifestyle increases the probability of the excess weight and the development of many chronic diseases (Kijek 2008).", "The motor activity will matter greatly in our life, is one of the best things it is possible to do which for their organism. At least with difficulty sometimes to find some time for sport it is worthwhile in order to shine a light for him at least 30 minutes per day. Regular motor exercises have a favorable influence on functioning of the mind, sense of well-being, they lower the risk of falling ill with heart diseases, build muscle power up, bones, prevent the arterial hypertension.", "The systematic motor activity improves our chances on healthier and to the longer life, protects us from the development of many heart diseases and their precursors, with high blood pressure whether, with high cholesterol. He prevents the seine and the breast also before the development of determined cancers, particularly cancer, rules out or controls diabetes of the II type. also prevents arthritis and he can help to relieve pain and stiffnesses at persons with this problem, protects osteoporoses from the incident of losing the chip-. Activities of all kinds suppress symptoms of depression and fears, correct largely tune and help to control the weight range (Kijek 2008).", "Motor exercises cause the physical, motor development at children, improve the function and the medical condition, reduce the frequency of appearing of the chest infection. The participation in organised classes contributes to the socialization of children and the psychosocial development (Eberhardt 2008).", "It is necessary to encourage children to like of the greatest physical activity in order to prevent factors causing osteoporosis because a mainly sitting lifestyle is one of them. He belongs, so to strengthen youthful bones, but exactly systematic physical exercises enjoy considerable influence very much to the increase in bone mass. The paucity of the movement in the childhood and in the adolescence can lead for lowering top bone mass. The lack of moving in the any century causes sudden loss of the bone tissue. At elderly people the stillness oftentimes goes hand in hand with lowering strength of muscles and the increased risk of the fall or the fracture. Physical exercises well influence for creating and keeping the bone maximum mass. At elderly people exercises prevent atrophic bone and support keeping strength of muscles and the coordination physically- muscle what lowers the risk of the fall. Therefore the physical move is recommended to persons in every century, also in the prevention of osteoporosis (Compston 2000).", "A right mechanical load is a basic factor having an influence on a state of the bone tissue. Effort works on this tissue through causing mechanical, gravitational stresses, as well as the muscle origin, working on the carcass in addition to the axially. A great tension prompts the structure of the bone, therefore exercises play the greater role, in the time, of which the carcass is burdened. All tests confirm the thesis that, staying in standing position, at least two hours per day more favorably works on the bone tissue, than undergoing intensive exercises for four hours lying. The activity about endurance character causes, so increase in mass as bone as for example a march, jogging, walking up the stairs (Nowotny 2003).", "A move is one of main factors preventing abnormal spinal curvatures, because the sitting lifestyle adversely affects the state of physiological curves of the spine and the function of the muscular system. In this regard they are basic action limiting the sedentary lifestyle, increasing the general motor activity of the man, with special taking into account strengthening of the belly muscles and the back and the selection exercises, being aimed at molding of correct curves the spine. It is also important in order in the babyhood to manufacture the habit of the good posture of the body in all activities of the life, particularly the ones, in which the spine could to be overloaded (Kutzner- Kozi\u0144ska 1986).", "In individual lifespans of the man, depending also to a large extent from the sex, motor needs appear in the different intensity. He is a general phenomenon, just enough of passage of years, the motor laziness, i.e. the reduction of the inborn need of the move. Therefore a motor activity needs being guided by its common sense while planting different forms. The selection of the move should from one side balance by its general influence our sitting lifestyle, however from the other side to level individual motor deficiencies, depending on needs of every man. Everyone can create the own model of the motor activity, in particular these forms which it is possible to cultivate are valuable through entire one's life like the skiing, swimming, the skating, the tennis, the, bicycle, kayak hiking and different sports games. Mastering the abilities associated with the given form of motor activities and systematic planting a sports discipline already for the youngest years given, creates foundations for the preservation of health (Kutzner-Kozi\u0144ska 1986).", "The regular performance of efforts is significant supplementing the dietetic treatment of obesity. They are a universally recognised way of preventing exaggerated of assembly of the fatty tissue of high-calorie foodstuffs at people exposed by the civilization to the sitting lifestyle and the simple availability. Therefore through increasing the motor activity keeping the deuce of the energy balance without rigorous restrictions dietetic, being able to cause the deficiency of some nutrients is possible (G\u00f3rski 2006).", "The treatment of obesity through the movement facilitates loss of the energy and prevents the decrease for basal metabolism after the dieting. Intensity of exercises should be gradually increased, but also adapted for the possibility slimming persons down. At persons demonstrating the regularity a level of oxidizing fatty acids and a sensitivity to the effect of insulin increase. A blood flow increases through the fatty tissue through exertion stimulating the adrenergic system (Eberhardt 2008). Favorable effects become visible judging changes of fat-free body weight and fat. A physical effort causes the increase in masses of muscles, applying the low-calorie diet simultaneously prevents reducing masses of this tissue. It is the most important argument starting to speak for applying the motor activity, as the element of therapy obesities (G\u00f3rski 2006).", "At present the favored sitting lifestyle and abusing the food clearly create the imbalance of the energy in our lifestyle which can cause the obesity (small stick 2008).", "Many factors affect the international epidemic of the obesity, however two elements can play the key role as the passage from a country lifestyle to high of technological, urbanised existence and the property of our environment. To eat more and less to move - it is a trap for us (small stick 2008). The activity was motor and is the best method for the preservation of health besides the due trophism, of the condition and the slim silhouette. The regular training gives the body the firmness, makes feel better lowering the level of the cortisol - of hormone of the stress in blood and increasing the secretion of substances quieting down and reducing the sensitivity to pain causes - of endorphins.", "The multilateral favorable influence of increasing the motor activity on the medical condition of the man consists in streamlining function of organs. He also exerts the direct effect on the metabolism what keeping the balance between the quantity of energy delivered with the food and disbursed by our organism facilitates as well as contributes also to real distribution of elements of eaten food (G\u00f3rski 2006). The influence of the training on the muscular system is incredibly significant because during exercises reaches for increasing the muscle mass, of keeping the good posture, since the muscular system is received in the shape of the bone structure.", "Our permanent care of the muscular system is an essential condition for keeping the good posture. The sitting and not very busy lifestyle doesn't not only support strengthening muscles, but also a weakness causes them, we must, so alone, in the deliberate and rational way, to manufacture power and the endurance of these muscle teams. For them more oftentimes the man leads little busy, and especially a sedentary lifestyle, in it more and more rapid pace his muscular system becomes failing as well as loses the ability of the practicing stabilization of the spine. It is one of kinds of the so-called muscle atrophy known in medicine from the inaction. He seeks stabilizers of intervertebral disks passive in it which are susceptible to degenerative changes and injuries in the end for overloading the arrangement. They aren't defended by the muscle tone. The spine is defeated by shortening and stiffening and the retroflexion what unfavorably interacts with the functioning of the viscera and restricts the motor fitness. It is possible to avoid these changes or to delay them, however it requires the incessant work on its motor activity. The man along with arriving years is more and more lazy physically, to sit down on the will in the armchair or to lie down than to go for a walk or to exercise. However the ones which are able to focus themselves, make a profit disproportionately much (Kutzner-Kozi\u0144ska 1986).", "The tendency to reducing everyday physical efforts, the aspiration to comfort or the motor laziness is a typical manifestation of the motor ageing of the man. Such lifestyle precipitates involutional processes, because the motor appropriately selected activity not only delays the ageing processes of the organism, but also improves the quality of life of persons in the older century. All motor features deteriorate (Nowotny 2003).", "Conducted systematically, appropriately organised exercises, including the medical inspection, do good for changes in the body of elderly people. Basic directions of action it:", "- the regulation of emotional states and increasing the intellectual efficiency,", "- improvement in the physical fitness, including powers of muscles, the suppleness, the agility, as well as the general motor efficiency,", "- the control of the body weight, counteracting the excess weight and obesities,", "- combatting the development of atherosclerosis, diabetics and the level regulation of lipides in blood,", "- preventing hypertension and illness of coronary arteries,", "- reducing the plausibility of falling ill with malignant tumours,", "- counteracting osteoporosis,", "- improvement in the activity of the immunological system (Eberhardt 2008).", "As a result of the ageing processes the physical fitness reduces. Lowering muscle power causes the restriction, and in the end for loss of locomotive abilities of the man what leads to the development of metabolic diseases. Therefore in Great Britain and in the United States as part of the care of geriatrics a weight training embracing even persons above 90 is conducted of the year of age, not to say 100 years. At practicing persons an increase in isometric power was stated, considerable the deceleration of loss of the muscle mass and enhancing the possibility of locomotive patients (G\u00f3rski 2006).", "At persons about the low function and muscle power even little effort associated with activities of the everyday life, domesticity, walking up the stairs, the shopping and the career can cause the considerable tiredness and in consequence of malaise. Reducing burdening the layout of the movement is a base of a positive effect of the increased motor activity and of the viscera and depths of disorders of the homeostasis caused by efforts. Increasing strength of muscles prevents overloading the layout of the movement and degenerative changes developing against this background of this system (G\u00f3rski 2006).", "Progress of the civilization causes a lot of new conveniences of the life, however besides modern mechanical deliveries, a plenty of threats to health creates societies. The increasing level of the mechanization of workstations causes, that she doesn't already require bigger physical efforts, oftentimes by it is unilateral, but sometimes even made in the forced position of the body. In principle the way to the work doesn't also require the strong effort from us, because most oftentimes it is ride on the elevator, automobile or bus. After work we choose passive rest most oftentimes than the actively spent time (Nowotny 2003).", "The physiology of the motor inactivity and the deficiency of the activity, resulting from the change of likings of the contemporary man in the Polish references was introduced exhaustively. Results of hypokinesia and principles of the prevention, are in our country widely shown by literature academic for the general public, as well as special radio broadcasts and television. Restricting the initiative poses a great and perceptible danger to the public health (Ku\u0144ski 1985).", "About how in Poland the situation is alarming, say tests which were published in 1997, which they stated that scarcely the 7% of adults systematically practised physical exercises, in unsystematically also 7%, however occasionally 12%. They from tests conclude that the 7.5% of adult Poles generally speaking doesn't practise physical exercises. It causes threats to the organism, manifesting itself with the more and more large percentage of the population being sick to diseases associated with the progress of civilization. They are it (Eberhardt 2008):", "- weakness,", "- of tendency to depressive states,", "- sleeplessness,", "- change in mood,", "- reluctance to act,", "- reducing motivation and the optimism,", "- worsening the self-assessment,", "- not-managing with the stress,", "- reducing the intellectual activity,", "- reducing the motor coordination,", "- worsening the visual acuity,", "- reducing the perception of sensory stimuli.", "A multidirectional influence on the body of the man exerts restricting the motor initiative, and increasing him is made conditional on the degree of immobilizing. Reducing volume of extracellular liquid and circulating blood takes place about 10 - 20% already after three up to five days from limiting the mobility. In the recumbency the part of blood is transferred from capacitance vessels of bottom body part to the central part of the cardiovascular system. Restricting the motor initiative drastically reduces the physical fitness and worsening the tolerance of orthostatic changes causes. With basic factor of lowering the function after the period hypokinesia reducing the ventricular ejection of the maximum minute volume in the end impairments of the function of the myocardium.", "It also seeks calcium for decalcifying of the bone structure and disrupting the resorption in the digestive tract, as well as a tolerance of carbohydrates reduces, muscle disappearances occur, an activity of enzymes reduces in muscles (Traczyk, Trzebski 1990).", "Reducing the physical activity, that is hypokinesia regarding not only a comfortable lifestyle. Oftentimes he/she reaches it as a result of diverse diseases, sometimes even in the form of the total stillness. Akinesia can concern the whole body, or exclusively some his installment. Consequences are therefore systemic or local. Effects hypokinesia and of systemic akinesia are more essential due to connecting them with the general medical condition. They apply in principle to all arrangements, but mainly of the cardiovascular system, where changes happen within the heart and the district circulation (Nowotny 2003).", "For years fortieth the 20th century is returned attention to unfavorable effects total immobilizing causes which during illness on account of the following changes, so like e.g. bedsores, blood clots of deep veins, reducing the volume of plasma, reducing volume and mass of the heart, the reduction in the number of erythrocytes in blood, densities of the bone tissue, masses of skeletal muscles, impairing the reflex from arterial baroreceptors, increased expelling with the urine of ions of calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphates (G\u00f3rski 2006).", "The motor recreation influences emotional states and the frame of mind of the man. Physical exercises reduce the level of fear, depression, anger as well as cause the improvement in the mood. Motor exercises are very effective in the treatment of depression, as the form of the supportive therapy. In curing briefly remaining sadness or the depression associated with the failure they can constitute the crucial element of therapy. Most quickly such symptoms yield as nervousness, nausea, feeling the tension, headaches precipitating the pulse. Also reducing fear of an open space, i.e. the agoraphobia was observed. Even one-time exercises lower the emotional stress, lower perceptible negative emotions in stress situations. Performing exercises in the group increases the number of interpersonal contacts, contributing in the process to improve the mood and to reduce the level of fear. \tThe movement in the open provides with many positive stimuli, increases the effect of the light which is one of therapeutic methods in the treatment of depression. Yes, so changes which they steal under the influence of the recreational university class have a great importance for the medical condition of practicing persons. The activity causes the psychological stability and a sense of well-being (Eberhardt 2008).", "Systematically the planted motor activity favorably works on functioning of arrangements respiratory and circulations, and hence to the improvement in the physical fitness. The rise in the physical fitness in general is tied together simultaneously with the adaptation of both arrangements. In case of the respiratory system he/she reaches for increased leading oxygen to the organism. However assimilating by the organism oxygen is subject to the type of practised exercises. Of practicing the type aerobics they affect the rise in the physical fitness, whereas practising the bodybuilding influences for increasing muscle power (Eberhardt 2008).", "The move does lipid elements of plasma good increasing the concentration lipoproteids of HDL faction, reducing the content lipoproteids of LDL, VLDL and cholesterol and the level triglicerols, preventing the development of atherosclerosis in the process. During recreational efforts happening changes in blood contribute to keeping the glucose on the plateau, increasing the overall quantity of proteins, activation of non-oxidizable arrangements, increasing by the training blood volume about 15-20% (Eberhardt 2008).", "A physical effort exerts influence on functioning of kidneys. During intensive effort he seeks urine returned to the curtailment, a fall in expelling sodium, chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, ammonia, nitrogen takes place, however an elimination of creatine and potassium grows. At persons with the great kidney failure physical exercises don't increase the uraemic state, but correct functioning of the cardiovascular system, as well as the function, the structure and the metabolism of muscles (G\u00f3rski 2006).", "During effort a paucity of blood flows through kidneys what is a basic factor changing their functioning. Exercises strengthening the belly muscles can cure the problems associated with the urinary incontinence appearing oftentimes at an older women (Eberhardt 2008).", "Purposes of the work", "Work of the author on the branch of the rehabilitation as well as the rehabilitation clinic in Kujawsko-Pomorski Center of the Pulmonology in Smukale on the Ward of the Rehabilitation she confirmed beliefs, that treating illness as an outpatient before the address hadn't carried out the majority of their staying as well as undergoing patients of no form of the motor activity, but physical exercises and respiratory made systematically reduced complaints.", "Showing was a purpose of research, that the lack of taking any form of the motor activity was the most frequent cause of falling ill to cardiovascular diseases and of the respiratory system.", "In tests they established, that ill persons which exercises recommended by the doctor carried out exactly and systematically and abode by all recommendations had a very good chance of an improvement in the frame of mind, reducing the complaint and the better condition.", "Also finding the answer to questions was a purpose of research:", "1. What cardiovascular diseases and of the respiratory system do appear most oftentimes?", "2. Most oftentimes what symptoms accompany given illness?", "3. When was illness diagnosed, and when the treatment was taken?", "4. How much time do sick persons devote for the treatment?", "5. What frame of mind is by exercises and recommended forms of the treatment?", "Five research hypotheses were created, based on main research problems, of which were tried to check the rightness carrying out research.", "1. The motor activity lowers the risk of falling ill with cardiovascular diseases and the respiratory system.", "2. The compliance to the course of treatment by the doctor reduces disease symptoms.", "3. Performing recommended exercises exactly and systematically improves the frame of mind of sick persons.", "4. The lack of taking any form of the motor activity before the appearance of illness increases the risk of falling ill with cardiovascular diseases and respiratory.", "5. Regular and appropriate the compliance to doctor's orders causes the improvement in the frame of mind after exercising the motor initiative.", "Material and the testing method", "In tests they used the method of the diagnostic survey consisting in the interrogation in writing. For that purpose they used the independently constructed questionnaire, as tools, containing questions concerning interesting problems. The questionnaire form was anonymous, intended for patients being treated at the hospital both clinic as well as undergoing curing on the ward.", "They conducted research at the turn of the March and April 2010. Patients undergoing curing on the branch of the rehabilitation in Kujawsko-Pomorski of the Center of the Pulmonology in Bydgoszcz as well as patients undergoing the treatment at an outpatients' clinic as part of the rehabilitation clinic. While carrying out research they used the fullbacks of nurses and physiotherapists.", "The ward was in the monument located in the suburban Smukale district amongst the undamaged nature in the specific microclimate above 180-letniego of pine forest in the Brda bend. The ward granted health benefits in the rehabilitation based on the agreement entered into with the National Health Fund from 2004. He conducted the respiratory rehabilitation for patients with chronic illnesses of the respiratory system, mainly with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. However systemic for patients with diseases of the motor organ in the course of injuries, diseases of degenerative ponds, rheumatoid arthritis, after orthopedic and surgeon's treatments.", "Patients suffering from all cardiovascular diseases filled in a questionnaire and of the respiratory system. Out of examined persons women but a 54% constituted the 46% men. The age of patients developed in the following periods: up to 20 years was 3 % examined, from 21 to 40 - 8%, from 41 to 60, as far as 50%, from 61 to 80 - 34%, over 81 years had a 6% examined. The elementary education had a 5% examined, professional 31%, averages also 31%, however higher 33%. in tests I made the general test of persons in the per cent examined. It came from the village 44%, and from the city of the 56% of persons. In tests I made the general test of persons in the per cent examined. The detailed data is in table 1.", "Effecting the questionnaire survey enabled to get the rich source of information about the influence of a physical effort on respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases. A detailed data was obtained about diseases and symptoms for them accompanying and recommended exercises and other forms of the treatment. Every respondent gave also replies concerning the physical fitness and the quality of a performed physical effort. Received results will be presented with the division into the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.", "Table 1. Given metric people polled (Source: own studies, regarding remaining tables)", "Metric data \t% \tN", "Sex", "Women \t46% \t49", "men \t54% \t56", "With time \t100% \t105", "Age", "To 20 \t3% \t3", "From 21 to 40 \t8% \t8", "From 41 to 60 \t50% \t52", "From 61 to 80 \t34% \t36", "Over 81 \t6% \t6", "with time \t100% \t105", "Education", "Basic \t5% \t5", "Professional \t31% \t33", "Averages \t31% \t33", "Higher \t33% \t34", "With time \t100% \t105", "Domicile", "Village \t44% \t46", "City \t56% \t59", "With time \t100% \t105", "Resulth", "In the area of the respiratory system it results from the test of the questionnaire survey that in the group persons suffering from bronchial asthma/asthma overbalance respondents and they constitute the 40% of the whole examined, on it will inflate lungs a 18% is sick examined. At respondents bronchiectases are another identified diseases (10%), respiratory failure (10%) and other illnesses (10%) so as converting bronchitis or angina pectoris. The smaller group of examined persons suffers from emphysema pulmonary (8%) and atelectasis of lungs (4%). However nobody showed the pulmonary oedema, as one's disease of the respiratory system. Table 2 shows results.", "Bronchiectases are another identified diseases (10%), respiratory failure (10%) and other illness (10%) so as converting bronchitis or angina pectoris. The smaller group of examined persons suffers from emphysema pulmonary (8%) and atelectasis of lungs (4%). However, nobody showed the pulmonary oedema, as one's disease of the respiratory system. Table 2 shows results.", "Table. 2. Diseases of the respiratory system", "Disease \t% \tN", "bronchiectases \t10% \t13", "pneumothorax \t8% \t10", "emphysema of lungs \t18% \t23", "atelectasis of lungs \t4% \t5", "pulmonary oedema \t0% \t1", "respiratory failure \t10% \t12", "asthma \t40% \t50", "other \t10% \t13", "With time \t100% \t127", "In spite of the diversity of respiratory diseases of persons of respondents, pointing at shared accompanying symptoms is possible for favored diseases. Most oftentimes respondents exchanged chronic converting cough (25%), paroxysmal dyspnea (23%) and dyspnoea at little effort (22%). Table 3 presents results concerning symptoms of respiratory diseases.", "Main symptoms constitute the 70% of all symptoms altogether. Respondents in the minority pointed at expectorating (11%), other symptoms (11%) so as: febrile states, a dry cough, pains of legs, fremitus of hands, high pressure, pricking chest pains, the hemoptysis, the weakness, whistles and the loss of consciousness at effort (7%). To conclude so it is possible, that irrespective of the kind of the disease of the respiratory system at examined majorities dyspnoea and cough appear, morover oftentimes also other shown above complaints accompany every illness.", "Table 3. Accompanying symptoms for respiratory diseases", "Symptoms \t% \tN", "they stalled converting cough \t25% \t59", "paroxysmal dyspnea \t23% \t54", "dyspnoea at little effort \t22% \t52", "coughing \t11% \t26", "loss of consciousness at little effort \t7% \t16", "other \t11% \t26", "With time \t100% \t233", "Making the test of respiratory diseases one should point also at recommended courses of treatment. Amongst standard methods a pharmacotherapy, reducing the weight of the body, a regular physical effort, ceasing the smoking and correct feeding are favored. People polled pointed mainly at the pharmacotherapy as well as exchanged other courses of treatment, not-included amongst specified of table 4.", "It is worthwhile paying attention to other courses of treatment exchanged by respondents, because they decide as far as 26% possible to choose from of methods. Examined persons indicated in this point on: respiratory exercises, walks, inhalations, a change of air, the jogging, the diaphragm respiration, a stay at a health resort, drainage and segmental massage. A correct diet is most rarely suggested what results certainly from the slight influence of the food on the respiratory system. Part of respondents (18%) ceased the treatment from the smoking as forms. Also a regular physical effort is one of recommended ways of advising the respiratory system with disease. This form of the treatment was indicated by the 7% of respondents.", "Table 4. Recommended courses of treatment of respiratory diseases", "Course of treatment \t% \tN", "pharmacotherapy \t36% \t97", "reducing the weight of the body \t9% \t23", "regular physical effort \t7% \t19", "it will cease the smoking \t18% \t47", "correct diet \t4% \t12", "other \t26% \t69", "With time \t100% \t267", "Making the test of respiratory diseases one should point out not only to recommended courses of treatment and effects associated with them. A fact that none of respondents showed the treatment for worsening the frame of mind, as the effect prescribed, but only a small proportion of persons are the most important conclusion from collected data (4%) noticed no changes after applying the treatment.", "Table 5 presents the detailed data. One should notice that ways in the 50% of examined persons brought reducing the complaint to the treatment, at the 50% of persons an improvement in the frame of mind took place (25%) and better condition (25%).", "Table 5. Symptoms appearing after treatments recommended by the doctor", "Symptoms \t% \tN", "improvement in the frame of mind \t25% \t39", "reducing the complaint \t46% \t71", "better condition \t25% \t39", "worsening the frame of mind \t0% \t0", "don't notice/break changes \t4% \t7", "other \t0% \t0", "With time \t100% \t156", "On account of the influence of a physical effort on respiratory diseases a quality of performed exercises is an important next aspect. To the quality of a physical effort an accuracy, a regularity and a frequency are submitted to the physical activity. Table 6 shows the membership of respondents in individual groups.", "Majority examined is characterized by a best quality of a performed physical effort: the 58% executes recommended courses of treatment both exactly and systematically. These persons perform exercises 3 times during the week and as a rule for them it takes no more than an hour per day, in addition focus not only on the accuracy, but also on the regularity of exercises. Persons performing a physical effort on the rock bottom that is inaccurate and unsystematic constitute the least numerous group (5%) performing exercises with the frequency once during the week to a maximum 30 minutes. Nobody pointed out to the lack of exercising the motor initiative.", "Table 6. Recommended courses of treatment of respiratory diseases", "Way of performing exercises \t% \tN", "exactly and systematically \t58% \t61", "exactly and unsystematically \t28% \t29", "imprecisely but systematically \t5% \t5", "imprecisely and unsystematically \t10% \t10", "I don't perform recommended exercises \t0% \t0", "With time \t100% \t105", "There are at the lack of the regularity and the accuracy of a physical effort no rooms for improvement of the physical fitness and achievement of favorable effects in curing of respiratory diseases.", "Results are satisfactory, because the straight majority of respondents obeys recommended exercises or treatments of 3 times during the week (39%) and more oftentimes (46%). Only a 1% examined one time carries recommended forms of the treatment out during the week. Table 7 contains data.", "Table 7. Frequency of performing recommended exercises or treatments", "Number of exercises during the week \t% \tN", "1 time \t1% \t1", "2 times \t13% \t14", "3 times \t39% \t41", "more oftentimes \t46% \t48", "With time \t100% \t104", "It took no forms of motor activities before the appearance of illness of the 65% examined. It means that at these persons of reasons for falling ill it is possible to discern the initiative in that lack. Remaining took the 35% of respondents the following functions: indicated the 14% gymnastics, 8% the volleyball, or the basketball, 5% the fitness room, but the 3% the endurance training and runs. Also exchanged the 4% of persons walks, cycling and palmate (table 8).", "Table 8. Exercises and forms of the motor activity carried out before the appearance of illness", "Types of exercises and activities \t% \tN", "volleyball, basketball \t8% \t9", "endurance training, runs \t3% \t3", "fitness room \t5% \t6", "gymnastics \t14% \t16", "other \t4% \t5", "make/break no locomotions \t65% \t74", "With time \t100% \t113", "Efficiency examined assessed comparing her with peers in the 60% on very good (10%) and good (50%). They are these are persons which before the appearance of illness all forms entertained of motor activity. Recommended forms as regular exercises and treatments performed treatments in general both exactly and systematically. Examined which pointed at the response: badly (36%) and very badly (3%) before the appearance of disease they took no form of the activity, and recommended exercises and treatments were performed most oftentimes imprecisely and unsystematically. Table 9 contains the detailed data.", "Table 9. Evaluation of the fitness of respondents in the comparison to peers", "Evaluation \t% \tN", "very well \t10% \t11", "well \t50% \t53", "badly \t36% \t38", "very badly \t3% \t3", "With time \t100% \t105", "Examined persons who to the significant improvement frame of minds appointed (as far as 49%) these are persons which most oftentimes assessed their physical fitness compared with peers on good. However polled which after effort feel satisfaction and satisfaction (20%) and feel relaxed and relaxed (13%) assessed their efficiency on very good in part of cases. To this group examined also these persons who took the motor initiative before diagnosing illness are involved. Respondents which after exercises and treatments feel tired out and weakened (14%) and very badly (5%) assessed their efficiency on bad and very bad and activities took no forms before illness. Table 10 presents the detailed data.", "Table 10. Frame of mind after effort and recommended treatments", "Frame of mind \t% \tN", "I feel relaxed and relaxed \t13% \t17", "I feel satisfaction and satisfaction \t20% \t27", "my frame of mind very much improves \t49% \t66", "I feel tired out and weakened \t14% \t19", "I feel bad very much \t5% \t7", "other \t0% \t0", "With time \t100% \t136", "Respondents, exercising the motor initiative before diagnosed illness, practicing and carrying doctor's orders out systematically showed most oftentimes that they needed for the rest for 15 faces (37%), and with time for 30 minutes (39%). Persons not-abiding by doctor's orders and not-exercising the motor initiative let very rarely need for the repair hour (16%), not to say and longer (9%) (table 11).", "Table 11. The amount of time needed for the repair after effort", "Time \t% \tN", "up to 15 minutes \t37% \t38", "up to 30 minutes \t39% \t40", "hour \t16% \t16", "longer \t9% \t9", "With time \t100% \t103", "The conducted questionnaire survey enables also to make the test of diseases of the cardiovascular system, symptoms accompanying them, courses of treatment of exercises including the physical fitness of respondents and the quality performed by them. The identical form of tests in the respiratory system and the circulation lets for keeping the same form of the test, what the presentation of results of both polls is transparent, legible and possible to compare thanks to.", "Polled persons from the subject matter of diseases of the cardiovascular system had 7 different diseases and the possibility of showing other complaints associated with the studied arrangement to choose from. The large portion of respondents pointed out to the arterial hypertension (28%), few persons less suffer from atherosclerosis (25%) and to ischaemic illness of the heart (21%). \tTable 12 presents findings concerning diseases of the cardiovascular system.", "Remaining diseases were exchanged by the determination low figure examined. Illnesses of district veins bother 9% examined, it indicated the 7% of persons to heart defects, passed the 5% other diseases so as a cardiac insufficiency and the state after infarction. Fewest persons out of respondents have a peripheral vascular disease (3%) and cancers of the heart (1%).", "Table 12. Diseases of the cardiovascular system", "Diseases \t% \tN", "coronary heart disease \t21% \t32", "atherosclerosis \t25% \t37", "arterial hypertension \t28% \t42", "heart defects \t7% \t11", "cancers of the heart \t1% \t2", "peripheral vascular disease \t3% \t5", "illnesses of district veins \t9% \t14", "Other \t5% \t8", "With time \t100% \t151", "Cardiovascular diseases similarly are like connected respiratory diseases with similar symptoms irrespective of the bothering kind of disease. Therefore an identification of main symptoms appearing at diseases of the cardiovascular system is possible. Respondents could point at the following symptoms: pricking chest pains, paroxysmal dyspneas, dyspnoea resting, dyspnoea exertion, breast pangs or to pass other. Table 13 presents replies of examined persons.", "Cardiovascular diseases similarly are like connected respiratory diseases with similar symptoms irrespective of the bothering kind of disease. Therefore an identification of main symptoms appearing at diseases of the cardiovascular system is possible. Respondents could point at the following symptoms: pricking chest pains, paroxysmal dyspneas, resting dyspnoea, exertional dyspnoea, breast pangs or to pass other (table 15). F

Radomska Szkoła Wyższa w Radomiu Radom University in Radom Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516 Edited by Iwona Czerwińska Pawluk Radosław Muszkieta Hanna Żukowska Wiesława Pilewska Mariusz Klimczyk Walery Zukow http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/index http://journal.rsw.edu.pl https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/search?search&searchCategory=WORK&filter.inJournal=49068 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/search?search&searchCategory=WORK&filter.inJournal=36616 http://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?titleid=37467 Open Access Radom 2013 Radomska Szkoła Wyższa w Radomiu Radom University in Radom Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516 Edited by Iwona Czerwińska Pawluk Radosław Muszkieta Hanna Żukowska Wiesława Pilewska Mariusz Klimczyk Walery Zukow http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/index http://journal.rsw.edu.pl https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/search?search&searchCategory=WORK&filter.inJournal=49068 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/search?search&searchCategory=WORK&filter.inJournal=36616 http://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?titleid=37467 Open Access Radom 2013 Scientific Council prof. zw. dr hab. geo. Z. Babiński (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. T. Chumachenko (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. techn. R. Cichon (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab med. N. Dragomiretskaya (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Ezhov (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. J. Falkowski (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. A. Gozhenko (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. M. Grodzynskyi (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. I. Grygus (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab med. A. Gudyma (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. S. Gulyar (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. W. Hagner (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Karwat (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. M. Kyryliuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. Y. Limansky (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. A. Melnik (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Mizin (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. B. Nasibullin (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. O. Obodovskyi (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Samosiuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. L. Shafran (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Shmakova (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med.A. Svirskiy (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. O. Sokolov (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Stebliuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. S. Yermakov, (Ukraine), prof. dr hab. med. A. Avramenko, doc. PaedDr. Elena Bendíková, PhD. (Slovakia), prof. dr hab. K. Buśko (Poland), dr hab. med. E. Gozhenko (Ukraine), prof. dr hab. H. Knapik (Poland), dr hab. R. Muszkieta (Poland), prof. dr hab. med. W. Myśliński (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Napierała (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Pastuszko (Poland), prof. dr hab. K. Prusik (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Zasada (Poland), dr med. L. Butskaia (Ukraine), dr I. M. Batyk (Poland), dr M. Cieślicka (Poland), dr med. M. Charzynska-Gula (Poland), doc. dr n. med. V. Cherno (Ukraine), dr med. K. Cywinski (Poland), dr med. I. Czerwinska Pawluk (Poland), dr biol. S. Dolomatov (Ukraine), dr med. M. Dzierzanowski (Poland), dr med. M. Hagner-Derengowska (Poland), dr med. B. Jędrzejewska (Poland), dr med. U. Kazmierczak (Poland), dr med. K. Kiczuk (Poland), dr Z. Kwaśnik (Poland), dr med. T. Madej (Poland), dr med. E. Mikolajewska (Poland), dr D. Mikolajewski (Poland), dr med. B. Muszynska (Poland), dr med. A. Nalazek (Poland), dr med. N. Novikov (Ukraine), dr med. K. Nowacka (Poland), dr med. G. Polak (Poland), dr med. P. Prokopczyk (Poland), dr med. A. Radziminska (Poland), dr med. L. Sierpinska (Poland), dr Daves Sinch (Republic of India), doc. dr A. Skaliy (Ukraine), dr T. Skaliy (Ukraine), dr B. Stankiewicz (Poland), dr med. E. Trela (Poland) Editorial Board Stefan Adamcak (Slovakia), Pavol Bartik (Slovakia), Elena Bend^kova (Czech Republic), Janusz Bielski (Poland), Krzysztof Buśko (Poland), Mirosława Cieślicka (Poland), Jerzy Eksterowicz (Poland), Włodzimierz Erdmann (Poland), Tomasz Frołowicz (Poland), Attila Gilanyi (Hungary), Igor Grygus (Ukraine), Halina Guła-Kubiszewska (Poland), Paweł Izdebski (Poland), Sergii Iermakov (Ukraine), Tetyana Iermakova (Ukraine), Jana Jurikova (Czech Republic), Vlastimila Karaskova (Czech Republic), Jacek Klawe (Poland), Mariusz Klimczyk (Poland), Alicja Kostencka (Poland), Frantisek Langer (Czech Republic), Eligiusz Madejski (Poland), Jiri Michal (Slovakia), Ludmila Miklankova (Czech Republic), Emila Mikołajewska (Poland), Viktor Mishchenko (Ukraine), Stanisław Mocek (Poland), Mirosław Mrozkowiak (Poland), Radosław Muszkieta (Poland), Anna Nalazek (Poland), Marek Napierała (Poland), Jerzy Nowocień (Poland), Piotr Oleśniewicz (Poland), Władysław Pańczyk (Poland), Wiesława Pilewska (Poland), Miroslava Pridalova (Czech Republic), Krzysztof Prusik (Poland), Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski (Poland), Aleksandr Skaliy (Ukraine), Tetyana Skaliy (Ukraine), Ewa Sokołowska (Poland), Błażej Stankiewicz (Poland), Robert Stępniak (Poland), Aleksander Stuła (Poland), Naoki Suzuki (Japan), Mirosława Szark-Eckardt (Poland), Maciej Świątkowski (Poland), Hrychoriy Tereschuk (Ukraine), Hryhoriy Vasjanovicz (Ukraine), Mariusz Zasada (Poland), Tetyana Zavhorodnya (Ukraine), Walery Żukow (Poland), Hanna Żukowska (Poland) Advisory Board Zygmunt Babiński (Poland), Yuriy Briskin (Ukraine), Laszló Csernoch (Hungary), Kazimierz Denek (Poland), Miroslav Dutchak (Ukraine), Karol Gorner (Slovakia), Kazimierz Kochanowicz (Poland), Jerzy Kosiewicz (Poland), Stanisław Kowalik (Poland), Tadeusz Maszczak (Poland), Mikolaj Nosko (Ukraine), Jerzy Pośpiech (Poland), Eugeniusz Prystupa (Ukraine), Robert Szeklicki (Poland), Jitka Ulrichova (Czech Republic). Reviewers: prof. zw. dr hab. geo. Z. Babiński (Poland), doc. PaedDr. Elena Bendíková, PhD. (Slovakia), prof. zw. dr hab. med. T. Chumachenko (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. techn. R. Cichon (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. N. Dragomiretskaya (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Ezhov (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. J. Falkowski (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. A. Gozhenko (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. M. Grodzynskyi (Ukraine), prof. zw. I. Grygus (Ukraine), prof. zw. A. Gudyma (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. S. Gulyar (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. W. Hagner (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Karwat (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. med. M. Kyryliuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. Y. Limansky (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. A. Melnik (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Mizin (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. B. Nasibullin (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. O. Obodovskyi (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Samosiuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. L. Shafran (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. I. Shmakova (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. O. Sokolov (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. med. V. Stebliuk (Ukraine), prof. zw. dr hab. S. Yermakov, (Ukraine), prof. dr hab. med. A. Avramenko, prof. dr hab. K. Buśko (Poland), dr hab. med. E. Gozhenko (Ukraine), prof. dr hab. H. Knapik (Poland), prof. zw. dr hab. geo. A. Melnik (Ukraine), prof. dr hab. R. Muszkieta (Poland), prof. dr hab. med. W. Myśliński (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Napierała (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Pastuszko (Poland), prof. dr hab. K. Prusik (Poland), prof. dr hab. M. Zasada (Poland), prof. dr hab. med. W. Zukow (Poland), dr I. M. Batyk (Poland), dr med. L. Butskaia (Ukraine), doc. dr n. med. V. Cherno (Ukraine), dr M. Cieślicka (Poland), dr med. I. Czerwinska Pawluk (Poland), dr biol. S. Dolomatov (Ukraine), dr med. N. Novikov (Ukraine), doc. dr A. Skaliy (Ukraine), dr T. Skaliy (Ukraine), dr B. Stankiewicz (Poland), dr med. E. Trela (Poland) E d i t o r s - i n - C h i e f Anatoliy Gozhenko Walery Zukow C o - e d i t o r s Radosław Muszkieta Marek Napierała A s s o c i a t e E d i t o r s Iwona Czerwinska Pawluk Mariusz Klimczyk Mirosława Cieślicka Adam Szulc S e c r e t a r y Bartłomiej Niespodziński © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport of Radomska Szkoła Wyższa w Radomiu, Poska, Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access This articles is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. 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Razem: Liczba znaków: 670 000 (ze streszczeniami, okładką i grafikami) = 16,75 arkuszy wydawniczych. Number of characters: 630 000 (with abstracts). Number of images: 40 x 1000 characters (lump sum) = 40 000 characters. Total: Number of characters: 670 000 (with abstracts, summaries and graphics) = 16,75 sheet publications. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.46027 Content: Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Podgorna V. V., Romanchuk A. P. Pattern of spontaneous breathing and development of physical qualities of elementary school pupils. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 7-14. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Jaworska Iwona, Wrońska Irena. Poziom wiedzy o zaćmie wśród pacjentów = Level of the knowledge about cataract amongst patients. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 15-28. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Sharma Balkishan, Wavare Rajshekhar. Academic stress due to depression among Medical and Para-medical students in an Indian medical college: Health initiatives cross sectional study. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 29-38. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Napierala Marek, Zukow Walery, Maczynska Ewa. Exercise and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 39-58. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Pykhtieieva E.G. Studies of the metallothionein role in the body protecting from the effects of heavy metals in violation of the adaptation mechanism = Исследование роли металлотионеинов в защите организма человека от воздействия тяжелых металлов при недостаточности адаптационных механизмов. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 59-72. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Żukowska Hanna, Szark‑ Eckardt Mirosława, Kuska Michalina, Napierała Marek, Zukow Walery. Comparison of somatic and motor skills 14-16 years old boys from selected secondary schools Bydgoszcz = Porównanie cech somatycznych i zdolności motorycznych 14-16 letnich chłopców z wybranych gimnazjów Bydgoszczy. 73-100. 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This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Loyko I. I. The effectiveness of different types of GERD correction, depending on the symptoms, in patients operated for peptic. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 113-120. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Skiba A. V., Zukow W. Employment of persons with disabilities in marine ports = Трудоустройство лиц с ограниченными возможностями в морских портах. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 121-142. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Kotyuzhynskaya S., Gozhenko A., Zukow W. Specific features of the condition lipid transport system of blood plasma in patients with essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes in atherosclerosis = Особенности состояния липидтранспортной системы плазмы крови у больных гипертонической болезнью и сахарным диабетом 2 типа при атеросклерозе. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 143-154. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Bulavenko O., Lyovkina O. Peculiarities of the contents of sex hormones in the blood of women of reproductive age with the primary stress-induced infertility. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 155-162. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Cieślicka Mirosława, Brzózka Patrycja, Pilewska Wiesława, Ciesielska Natalia, Nalazek Anna, Zukow Walery. Effect of aerobic training on the health of women frequenting to fitness clubs = Wpływ treningu aerobowego na zdrowie kobiet uczęszczających do klubów fitness. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 163-178. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Ciesielska Natalia, Jelonek Agata, Łysiak Norbert, Nalazek Anna, Cieślicka Mirosława, Zukow Walery. Ways of coping with stress among nurses Intensive Care and Anesthesiology = Sposoby radzenia sobie ze stresem wśród pielęgniarek Intensywnej Terapii i Anestezjologii. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 179-190. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Kołłątaj Barbara, Szakuła Justyna, Kołłątaj Witold, Wrzołek Katarzyna, Karwat Irena Dorota. Problem uzależnienia od Internetu wśród uczniów szkół ponadpodstawowych w Lublinie = The problem of Internet addiction among secondary and upper secondary school students in Lublin. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 191-224. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Cieślicka Mirosława, Kuźniewska Ewa, Stankiewicz Błażej, Zukow Walery. The impact of training on physical fitness development volleyball court and somatic training athletes build volleyball = Wpływ treningu siatkarskiego na rozwój sprawności fizycznej i budowy somatycznej zawodniczek trenujących siatkówkę. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 225-240. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Cieślicka Mirosława, Dix Barbara, Zukow Walery. The impact of kayaking training on physical fitness and somatic construction at the stage of preparatory training = Wpływ treningu kajakarskiego na sprawność fizyczną i budowę somatyczną zawodników na etapie treningu przygotowawczego. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 241-254. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Pilewska Wiesława, Pilewski Robert, Zukow Walery Characteristics of body composition highly qualified dancers and dancers Latin American style of dance sports in light of typology of somatic Wanky and Kretschmer = Charakterystyka budowy ciała wysokokwalifikowanych tancerek i tancerzy stylu latynoamerykańskiego sportowego tańca w świetle typologii somatycznej Wankego i Kretschmera. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 255-266. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Wiech Monika, Prusik Katarzyna, Kortas Jakub, Bielawa Łukasz, Ossowski Zbigniew, Prusik Krzysztof, Zukow Walery. Changes in the ranges of motion in the joints of the upper and lower extremities in elderly people under the influence of the Nordic Walking training = Zmiany zakresów ruchów w stawach kończyn górnych i dolnych u osób starszych pod wpływem treningu Nordic Walking. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 267-276. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Kamrowska-Nowak Maria, Byzdra Krzysztof, Majchak Katarzyna, Stępniak Robert, Zukow Walery. The Results of the Checks in the Women's Heptathlon Training During a 10-year Training Cycle = Wyniki kontroli treningu w siedmioboju kobiet w trakcie 10-cio letniego cyklu treningowego. [in] Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 277-300. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland. Introduction We hope that a varied program of the Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport will answer your expectations. We believe that the Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport will contribute to raising the knowledge, skills and abilities of doctors, therapists, physiotherapists, nurses, psychologists, biologists, researchers, practitioners and health workers interested in rehabilitation, physiotherapy, tourism and recreation. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport, corresponding to the modern challenges of global health specialists collect articles from those areas of the leading centers of renowned foreign and domestic. Many of them present state of art in their field. This will be particularly valuable for young doctors in the specialization, and students. Welcome to familiarize yourself with this issue all relevant hazards and health, life and safety at work in tourism, recreation, rehabilitation, physiotherapy, nursing organization to work safely and missions in these conditions, the influence of environmental conditions on public health. Authors from abroad and the country will present an overview of contemporary challenges and solutions in these areas. The issue concerns the text of the wider work for human health, tourism, recreation, physiotherapy, nursing, wellness and rehabilitation, including the economics of health care. © The Author(s) 2013. 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Czerwińska Pawluk Iwona Ed., Muszkieta Radosław Ed., Żukowska Hanna Ed., Pilewska Wiesława Ed., Klimczyk Mariusz Ed., Zukow Walery Ed. Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport 9781329900516. RSW. Radom. 2013. 304 p. ISBN 9781329900516. © The Author(s) 2013. This articles is published with Open Access at Annual Reports of Education, Health and Sport. RSW. Radom. Poland.