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International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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PubMed Central
Other literature type . 2021
Data sources: PubMed Central
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Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions

Authors: Ana Rita de Oliveira dos Santos; Bárbara de Oliveira Zanuso; Vitor Fernando Bordin Miola; Sandra Maria Barbalho; Patrícia C. Santos Bueno; Uri Adrian Prync Flato; Claudia Rucco P. Detregiachi; +6 Authors

Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions

Abstract

Adipose, skeletal, and hepatic muscle tissues are the main endocrine organs that produce adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines. These biomarkers can be harmful or beneficial to an organism and still perform crosstalk, acting through the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. This study aims to review the crosstalk between adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines. Far beyond understanding the actions of each biomarker alone, it is important to underline that these cytokines act together in the body, resulting in a complex network of actions in different tissues, which may have beneficial or non-beneficial effects on the genesis of various physiological disorders and their respective outcomes, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Overweight individuals secrete more pro-inflammatory adipokines than those of a healthy weight, leading to an impaired immune response and greater susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious diseases. Myostatin is elevated in pro-inflammatory environments, sharing space with pro-inflammatory organokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), resistin, and chemerin. Fibroblast growth factor FGF21 acts as a beta-oxidation regulator and decreases lipogenesis in the liver. The crosstalk mentioned above can interfere with homeostatic disorders and can play a role as a potential therapeutic target that can assist in the methods of diagnosing metabolic syndrome and CVD.

Keywords

Metabolic Syndrome, Adipokines, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Cardiovascular Diseases, Animals, Cytokines, Humans, Review, Obesity

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    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
139
Top 1%
Top 10%
Top 0.1%
Green
gold