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Destinies of Old Family Lands in the First Half of the 17th Century

Authors: Andrei Pavlov;

Destinies of Old Family Lands in the First Half of the 17th Century

Abstract

Статья посвящена изучению особенностей родового вотчинного землевладения боярской элиты в первой половине XVII в. Несмотря на то, что многие представители знатных княжеско-боярских родов продолжали владеть крупными родовыми вотчинами и в XVII в. (князья Шуйские, Ромодановские, Пожарские, Лыковы, Репнины, Троекуровы, Сицкие, Прозоровские, Бахтеяровы-Ростовские и др., а также виднейшие представители старомосковского нетитулованного боярства − Романовы, Шереметевы, Морозовы, Салтыковы и др.), история родовой боярской вотчины не была столь благополучной, как считают многие исследователи. Автор показывает, что многие князья и бояре владели родовыми и старинными вотчинами в XVII в. не только и не столько по принципу естественного родового наследования, сколько благодаря возвратам им утраченных в XVI в. вотчин в годы Смуты и в царствование Михаила Федоровича. Эти возвраты не были общим правилом и не затрагивали основную часть служилых людей. Родовые вотчины возвращались, как правило, лишь наиболее видным боярам и придворным в качестве особых пожалований за служебные заслуги и в силу близости ко двору. Среди лиц, пожалованных утраченными в XVI в. родовыми вотчинами (в том числе вотчинами довольно дальних сородичей) при царе Михаиле Федоровиче, мы видим царских родственников, фаворитов и наиболее видных бояр − Ивана Никитича Романова, Федора Ивановича Шереметева, князя Бориса Михайловича Лыкова, князя Бориса Александровича Репнина, князя Дмитрия Михайловича Пожарского, князя Ивана Ивановича Шуйского, князей Ромодановских, Прозоровских, Сицких, Троекуровых, Бахтеяровых-Ростовских и представителей старомосковских нетитулованных боярских родов − Морозовых, Салтыковых, Головиных, Долматовых-Карповых. Большинство же других служилых родов либо полностью утратили свои родовые вотчины, либо владели их незначительными остатками. Таким образом, даже владение родовой вотчиной в XVII в. в значительной мере становилось фактом пожалования, что приводило к усилению зависимости боярской элиты от верховной власти.

This article considers the peculiarities of the old family lands of the boyar elite in the first half of the 17th century. Despite the fact that many princes and boyars owned vast old family lands (the princes Shuysky, Romodanovsky, Pozharsky, Lykov, Repnin, Troekurov, Sitsky, Prozorovsky, and Bakhteyarov-Rostovsky, as well as the most prominent representatives of the old Moscow untitled boyars, such as the Romanovs, Sheremetevs, Morozovs, and Saltykovs), the history of these properties is not as transparent as many researchers believe. The author demonstrates that in the 17th century, most princes and boyars continued to own these legacies not only due to the principle of natural inheritance but also because they came into possession of lands they had lost in the 16th century during the Time of Troubles and the reign of Mikhail Fyodorovich. These returns were not a general rule and did not apply to most of the service class. As a rule, old family lands were only returned to the most prominent boyars and courtiers as special grants for their services or because of their position at court. Among the people granted old family lands which they had lost under Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich in the 16th century (including the lands of distant relations), there were royal family members, favourites and the most prominent boyars (Ivan Nikitich Romanov, Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev, Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov, Prince Boris Alexandrovich Repnin, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, Prince Ivan Ivanovich Shuysky, the Romodanovsky, Prozorovsky, Sitsky, Troekurov, and Bakhteyarov-Rostovsky princes, and the old Moscow untitled boyars Morozov, Saltykov, Golovin, and Dolmatov-Karpov). Most of the other noble families either completely lost or owned insignificant remnants of their old family lands. Thus, even possession of such lands in the 17th century became a reward, which led to the increased dependence of the boyar elite on the monarchy.

Keywords

Смутное время; Михаил Романов; вотчинное землевладение; старые родовые земли; пожалования; боярская элита, Time of Troubles; Mikhail Romanov; votchina; old family lands; grants; boyar elite

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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