This study represents a 1-year surveillance period using our epidemiology-based principles published and successfully followed since 1979: weekly culture for yeasts of oral and anal swabs, treatment with oral nystatin of all colonized newborns, and good hygiene/handwashing. Colonization was demonstrated in 23 out of 791 newborns admitted from October 1998 to September 1999. Twenty-two strains of <i>Candida</i> were identified: 16 <i>C. albicans</i>, 2 <i>C. parapsilosis</i>, 3 <i>C. glabrata</i>, and 1 <i>C. tropicalis.</i> Symptoms were erythema of the buttocks in 6 colonized newborns. No other culture positive for <i>Candida</i> could be found. Previous contamination was the main source (previous stay in an intensive care unit, rarely maternal origin). Contamination in the unit was unlikely. Eradication of <i>Candida</i> could be observed within 1 week. These good results, controversial in the literature, were obtained following epidemiological conclusions and support our guidelines.