The traditional thought that probability theory has its origins in gambling and games of chance seems well established, although many of the general ideas can already be found in the Old Testament (e.g., Sheynin, 1974). According to Todhunter (1949), one can find reference to probabilities for different throws of the dice in contemporary comments on Dante’s Divine Comedy, and Cardano apparently had calculated numerical values of probabilities in the mid-sixteenth century (e.g., Wilks, 1961). It is generally conceded, however, that Pascal originated the first systematic studies of probabilities about a century later, at the instigation of the Chevalier de Mere, a reputed gambler. Several questions were posed to Pascal, and he corresponded at some length with Fermat regarding the solutions to these and related problems (e.g., Ore, 1960). From the beginning it is clear that the theory of probability was related to pragmatic matters of some importance to those concerned.