AbstractGlial growth factor‐2 (GGF2) and other neuregulin (NRG) isoforms have been shown to play important roles in survival, migration, and differentiation of certain neural and non‐neural cells. Because midbrain dopamine (DA) cells express the NRG receptor, ErbB4, the present study examined the potential neurotrophic and/or neuroprotective effects of GGF2 on cultured primary dopaminergic neurons. Embryonic day 14 rat mesencephalic cell cultures were maintained in serum‐free medium and treated with GGF2 or vehicle. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive (TH+) neurons and high‐affinity [3H]DA uptake were assessed at day in vitro (DIV) 9. Separate midbrain cultures were treated with 100 ng/mL GGF2 on DIV 0 and exposed to the catecholamine‐specific neurotoxin 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) on DIV 4. GGF2 treatment significantly increased DA uptake, the number of TH+ neurons, and neurite outgrowth when compared to the controls in both the serum‐free and the 6‐OHDA‐challenged cultures. Furthermore, three NRG receptors were detected in the midbrain cultures by western blot analysis. Immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein revealed that GGF2 also weakly promoted mesencephalic glial proliferation in the midbrain cultures. These results indicate that GGF2 is neurotrophic and neuroprotective for developing dopaminergic neurons and suggest a role for NRGs in repair of the damaged nigrostriatal system that occurs in Parkinson's disease.