Ayurveda, the 5,000-year-old system of medicine originating in India, offers the evolving field of neurology unique insights into assessment and treatment in patient care. This chapter introduces the Ayurvedic approach and treatment options for neurological diseases. The authors review the origin of this ancient science through the five elements; the three biological doshas (vata, pitta, and kapha); the three mental qualities (sattva, rajas, and tamas); the four lenses of the mind; and the critical importance of consciousness and digestion in our daily physiology. We discuss the Ayurvedic approach to patient care, including principles of treatment based on the prakruti (birth constitution) and vikruti (current constitution), especially as relevant to the nervous system tissues and the mind (majja dhatu and majja vaha srotas). This chapter concludes with unique insights into the root causes of complex neurological disease. Ayurveda, being truly holistic in its approach to disease prevention and management, achieves the maximum benefit for patients by personalizing care for the individual’s body, mind, and spirit complex.