
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) likely has evolutionary origins in other animals than humans based on genetically related viruses existing in rhinolophid bats and pangolins. Similar to other animal coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 contains a functional furin cleavage site in its spike protein, which may broaden the SARS-CoV-2 host range and affect pathogenesis. Whether ongoing zoonotic infections are possible in addition to efficient human-to-human transmission remains unclear. In contrast, human-to-animal transmission can occur based on evidence provided from natural and experimental settings. Carnivores, including domestic cats, ferrets and minks, appear to be particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 in contrast to poultry and other animals reared as livestock such as cattle and swine. Epidemiologic evidence supported by genomic sequencing corroborated mink-to-human transmission events in farm settings. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between experimentally infected cats additionally substantiates the possibility of cat-to-human transmission. To evaluate the COVID-19 risk represented by domestic and farmed carnivores, experimental assessments should include surveillance and health assessment of domestic and farmed carnivores, characterization of the immune interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and carnivore coronaviruses, determination of the SARS-CoV-2 host range beyond carnivores and identification of human risk groups such as veterinarians and farm workers. Strategies to mitigate the risk of zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 infections may have to be developed in a One Health framework and non-pharmaceutical interventions may have to consider free-roaming animals and the animal farming industry.
Swine, coronavirus, Cattle Diseases, COVID-19 ; domestic animal ; SARS‐CoV‐2 ; carnivore ; farmed animal ; Coronavirus, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Animals, Humans, Review Articles, Phylogeny, farmed animal, Swine Diseases, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, SARS-CoV-2, carnivore, Ferrets, COVID-19, General Medicine, Macaca mulatta, domestic animal, Cattle, Rabbits, 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit
Swine, coronavirus, Cattle Diseases, COVID-19 ; domestic animal ; SARS‐CoV‐2 ; carnivore ; farmed animal ; Coronavirus, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Animals, Humans, Review Articles, Phylogeny, farmed animal, Swine Diseases, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, SARS-CoV-2, carnivore, Ferrets, COVID-19, General Medicine, Macaca mulatta, domestic animal, Cattle, Rabbits, 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit
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