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Eruptive mass loss less than a year before the explosion of superluminous supernovae

I. The cases of SN 2020xga and SN 2022xgc
Authors: A. Gkini; C. Fransson; R. Lunnan; S. Schulze; F. Poidevin; N. Sarin; R. Könyves-Tóth; +43 Authors

Eruptive mass loss less than a year before the explosion of superluminous supernovae

Abstract

We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2020xga and SN 2022xgc, two hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe-I) at z = 0.4296 and z = 0.3103, respectively, which show an additional set of broad Mg II absorption lines, blueshifted by a few thousands kilometer second −1 with respect to the host galaxy absorption system. Previous work interpreted this as due to resonance line scattering of the SLSN continuum by rapidly expanding circumstellar material (CSM) expelled shortly before the explosion. The peak rest-frame g -band magnitude of SN 2020xga is −22.30 ± 0.04 mag and of SN 2022xgc is −21.97 ± 0.05 mag, placing them among the brightest SLSNe-I. We used high-quality spectra from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths to model the Mg II line profiles and infer the properties of the CSM shells. We find that the CSM shell of SN 2020xga resides at ∼1.3 × 10 16 cm, moving with a maximum velocity of 4275 km s −1 , and the shell of SN 2022xgc is located at ∼0.8 × 10 16 cm, reaching up to 4400 km s −1 . These shells were expelled ∼11 and ∼5 months before the explosions of SN 2020xga and SN 2022xgc, respectively, possibly as a result of luminous-blue-variable-like eruptions or pulsational pair instability (PPI) mass loss. We also analyzed optical photometric data and modeled the light curves, considering powering from the magnetar spin-down mechanism. The results support very energetic magnetars, approaching the mass-shedding limit, powering these SNe with ejecta masses of ∼7 − 9 M ⊙ . The ejecta masses inferred from the magnetar modeling are not consistent with the PPI scenario pointing toward stars > 50 M ⊙ He-core; hence, alternative scenarios such as fallback accretion and CSM interaction are discussed. Modeling the spectral energy distribution of the host galaxy of SN 2020xga reveals a host mass of 10 7.8 M ⊙ , a star formation rate of 0.96 −0.26 +0.47 M ⊙ yr −1 , and a metallicity of ∼0.2 Z ⊙ .

Countries
France, United Kingdom
Keywords

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 520

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
3
Top 10%
Average
Average
Green
hybrid