Within economics, there has been a recent effort to better understand the notion of culture, typically defined as beliefs, values, and norms held by individuals. Empirical work has focused on identifying systematic cultural differences between individuals from different ethnic and national backgrounds. More recently, attention has turned to the historical origins of cultural differences (e.g., Luigi Guiso, Paolo Sapienza, and Luigi Zingales 2008; Nathan Nunn and Leonard Wantchekon 2009). Colonial Africa provides a natural laboratory to examine how an external intervention can have lasting impacts on people’s beliefs and values. This study examines the effect of European missionary activities in colonial Africa on the subsequent evolution of culture, as measured by religious beliefs. The empirical results show that descendants of ethnic groups that experienced greater missionary contact are today more likely to self-identify as Christian. This correlation provides evidence that foreign missionaries altered the religious beliefs of Africans, and that these beliefs persist as they are passed on from parents to children. Put differently, the results show that historic events can have a lasting impact on culture. The findings also provide rare empirical evidence of the historical determinants of longrun religious conversion. Studies of conversion typically focus on contemporary determinants (see Jason Hwang and Robert Barro 2007 and the references therein). Although a number of studies have examined the long-term impacts of missionary activities, they have not considered their long-run impacts on religious beliefs and values (e.g., Robert D. Woodberry 2004). One of the few papers that consider a historical determinant of long-run conversion is by Murat Religious Conversion in Colonial Africa