To clarify the localization and characterization of dystrophin and dystrophin-related protein (DRP) in the human central nervous system (CNS), we carried out immunoblotting and immunostaining studies using three region-specific anti-dystrophin and one anti-DRP antibodies. With immunostaining, punctuate immuno-reactivity of dystrophin was seen along the cell bodies and dendrites of the cerebral cortical neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells in the normal controls autopsied. By contrast, dystrophin was not detected at all in the CNS of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients with intellectual disturbance. Immunoreactivity of DRP was observed in the vascular walls of both normal and DMD brains, but not in the neuronal cells. Compensatory increase of DRP was not noted in DMD brains. This study suggests that in DMD the brain-type dystrophin originally present in neurons is absent and may be related to the intellectual disturbance.