CD146 and STRO-1 are endothelial biomarkers that are co-expressed on the cellular membranes of blood vessels within human dental pulp tissue. This study characterized the percentage of dentin-like structures produced by CD146-positive (CD146+) human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), compared with their CD146-negative (CD146-) counterparts. DPSC populations were enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), yielding CD146+ and CD146- cells, as well as mixtures composed of 25% CD146+ cells and 75% CD146- cells (CD146+/-). Cell growth assays indicated that CD146+ cells exhibit an approximate 3-4 h difference in doubling time, compared with CD146- cells. Cell cycle distributions were determined by flow cytometry analysis. The low percentage of CD146+ cells' DNA content in G0/G1 phase were compared with CD146- and non-separated cells. In contrast to CD146- and non-separated cells, prompt mineralization was observed in CD146+ cells. Subsequently, qRT-PCR revealed high mRNA expression of CD146 and Alkaline phosphatase in mineralization-induced CD146+ cells. CD146+ cells were also observed high adipogenic ability by Oil red O staining. Histological examinations revealed an increased area of dentin/pulp-like structures in transplanted CD146+ cells, compared with CD146- and CD146+/- cells. Immunohistochemical studies detected dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), as well as human mitochondria, in transplanted DPSCs. Co-expression of CD146 and GFP indicated that CD146 was expressed in transplanted CD146+ cells. CD146+ cells may promote mineralization and generate dentin/pulp-like structures, suggesting a role in self-renewal of stem cells and dental pulp regenerative therapy.