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Biophysical Journal
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License: Elsevier Non-Commercial
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Biophysical Journal
Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
License: Elsevier Non-Commercial
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Organelle-Targeting of Apollo-Nadp + Requires Careful Selection of Fluorescent Proteins to Maintain pH Independence

Authors: William D. Cameron; Jonathan Rocheleau;

Organelle-Targeting of Apollo-Nadp + Requires Careful Selection of Fluorescent Proteins to Maintain pH Independence

Abstract

We recently developed a spectral family of genetically encoded homoFRET sensors to measure NADPH/NADP+ redox state based on changes in anisotropy/polarization due to oligomerization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Apollo-NADP+). In cells such as insulin-secreting beta-cells, the NADPH/NADP+ redox state supports the scavenging of the reactive oxygen species H2O2 by the glutathione/thioredoxin antioxidant pathway. A loss of beta-cell mass due to oxidative stress leads to type 2 diabetes. A major source of H2O2 production is the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), with overproduction a characteristic of many metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. Although H2O2 can cross cell membranes through facilitated diffusion, the NADPH/NADP+ redox is compartmentalized within organelles. We therefore explored targeting Apollo-NADP+ to various organelles including: the mitochondria, nucleus, plasma membrane, peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum. Unlike the cytoplasm, however, the pH of organelles such as the mitochondria are dynamic and therefore require pH-independent sensors. Here we found that pH significantly affects the anisotropy of fluorescent proteins with high pKa (ex. Venus), while fluorescent proteins with low pKa values (ex. Cerulean3, Turquoise2) maintained stable anisotropy values across a wider range of pH values (4.0-8.0). We also found that dimeric Turquoise2-tagged Apollo-NADP+ was stable from pH = 5.0-8.0, making it suitable for use in most cellular compartments. We are now investigating the ability to simultaneously measure the NADPH/NADP+ redox state in various organelles of beta-cells as well as using these sensors in high throughput screening. Overall, this project demonstrates how homoFRET-based sensors may be adapted for specific organelles while revealing a novel use of the intensity-independence property of homoFRET towards simultaneous single-colour measurements and high-throughput assays.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
hybrid