Bilirubin and its conjugates were extracted from either dog gall-bladder bile or bile-containing human duodenal juice into chloroform containing 10mm-tetraheptylammonium chloride. The intact bilirubin tetrapyrroles were then separated by t.l.c. Structural elucidation was made after coupling of the individual pigments with diazonium salts. Four azopigments were detected: azopigment αo or dipyrrolic azobilirubin; azopigment δ or dipyrrolic azobilirubin monoglucuronide; azopigment α3 or dipyrrolic azobilirubin monoglucoside; and, from dog gall-bladder bile, azopigment α2. The last conjugate required further verification of its structure. After methanolysis, it was shown by combined g.l.c.–mass spectrometry to contain xylose in a 1:1 molar ratio with the azopigments of bilirubin. Human bile contained 86% bilirubin diglucuronide, 7% bilirubin monoglucuronide monoglucoside diester, 4% bilirubin monoglucuronide and 3% bilirubin. Dog gall-bladder bile had a considerably different composition; it contained 47% bilirubin diglucuronide, 40% bilirubin monoglucuronide monoglucoside diester, 8% bilirubin monoglucuronide, 4% bilirubin diglucoside, 1–2% bilirubin and traces of conjugates containing xylose. The total bilirubin content and proportions of the conjugates did not change in bile that was frozen and stored at −20°C under N2, whereas in the chloroform/tetraheptylammonium chloride extract, similarly stored, total pigment was slowly lost and the diglucuronide conjugate converted into the monoglucuronide.