{"references": ["A. Rose, J-.Y Manceau. A. Bottero, E. Masion and F. Garcia. \"Nucleation and growth mechanisms of the Fe oxyhydroxide in the presence of PO4 ions. -1. Fe K-edge EXAFS study\". Langmuir 12, (1996), 6701\u20136707.", "Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990)): PAC, 62, (1990), 2167, 2213", "A. Concha and P. Christiansen,\"Settling velocities of particulate systems, 5. settling velocities of suspensions of particles of arbitrary shape.\" Int. J. of Mineral Processing 18, 309-322, (1986).", "J.J Sansalone and Jong-Yeop Kim (2008) \"Suspended particle destabilization in retained urban storm water as a function of coagulant dosage and redox conditions\" Water Research 42 (4-5), 909-922 (2008).", "O.S. Amuda and I.A. Amoo .Coagulation/flocculation process and sludge conditioning in beverage industrial wastewater treatment\" Journal of Hazardous Materials 14 (3) 778-783, (2007).", "M. J.Ebeling, K.L. Rishel and P.L. Sibrell \"Screening and evaluation of polymers as flocculation aids for the treatment of aqua cultural effluents\", Aquacultural Engineering, 33 (4), 235-249 (2005).", "A.G. El Samrani, Lartiges B. S., Montarg\u00e8s-Pelletier E., Kazpard V., Barr\u00e8s O. and Ghanbaja J. \"Clarification of municipal sewage with ferric chloride: the nature of coagulant species\" Water Research 38 (3),756-768 (2004).", "Goren U., Aharoni A., Kummel M., Messalem R., Mukmenev I., Brenner A. and Gitis V. (2008), \"Role of membrane pore size in tertiary flocculation /adsorption /ultra filtration treatment of municipal wastewater\", Separation and Purification Technology, Article in Press, Corrected Proof, 2008", "James M., Ebeling, Philip L. S, Sarah R. O. and Steven T. S. \"Evaluation of chemical coagulation\u2013flocculation aids for the removal of suspended solids and phosphorus from intensive recirculation aquaculture effluent discharge\" Aquacultural Engineering 29 (1-2), 23-42 (2003)\n[10]\tHirosue H., Yamada N., Abe E. and Tateyama H. \"Coagulation of red mud suspensions with an inorganic coagulant\", Powder Technology 54 (1), (1988), 27-30 \n[11]\tShon H.K., Vigneswaran S. and Ngo H.H., \"Effect of partial flocculation and adsorption as pretreatment to ultrafiltration\", AICHE J. 52, (2006). 207\u2013216.\n[12]\tGoren U., Aharoni A., Kummel M., Messalem R., Brenner A. and Gitis V., (2007) \"Cost-effective tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater by flocculation, adsorption and ultrafiltration\", Proceedings of IWA/EDS Conference on Membrane in Water and Wastewater Treatment Harrogate, UK (2007), 15\u201317.\n[13]\tUSEPA, Profile of The Nonferrous Metals Industry. EPA 310-R-95-010\n[14]\tRabah, M.A. and Barakat, M.A., \"Energy saving and pollution control for short rotary furnace in secondary lead smelters\" Renewable energy, 23 (2001), 561-577.\n[15]\tMahmoud A. Rabah \"Vertical assembly for hot gas purifying systems for short rotary furnaces\" Waste Processing and Recycling in Mineral and Metallurgical Industries , S.R. Rao; L.M. Amaratunga, G.G. Richards and P.D. Kondos ( Editors) The metallurgical Society of CIM , (1998), 318-31\n[16]\tWeast, R.C. and Astle, M.J. CRC Handbook of chemistry and Physics, 6oth edition, CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida USA, (1986)."]}

The present study shows a method to recover lead metal from wastewater of wet scrubber in secondary lead smelter. The wastewater is loaded with 42,000 ppm of insoluble lead compounds (TSP) submicron in diameter. The technical background benefits the use of cationic polyfloc solution to flocculate these colloidal solids before press filtration. The polymer solution is injected in the wastewater stream in a countercurrent flow design. The study demonstrates the effect of polymer dose, temperature, pH, flow velocity of the wastewater and different filtration media on the filtration extent. Results indicated that filtration rate (¦r), quality of purified water, purifying efficiency (¦e) and floc diameter decrease regularly with increase in mass flow rate and velocity up to turbulence of 0.5 m.sec-1. Laminar flow is in favor of flocculation. Polyfloc concentration of 0.75 – 1.25 g/m3 wastewater is convenient. Increasing temperature of the wastewater and pneumatic pressure of filtration enhances ¦r. High pH value deforms floc formation and assists degradation of the filtration fabric. The overall efficiency of the method amounts to 93.2 %. Lead metal was recovered from the filtrate cake using carbon as a reducing agent at 900°C.