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In biological networks, a small number of "hub" proteins play critical roles in the network integrity and functions. The cell cycle network orchestrates versatile cellular functions through interactions between many signaling modules, whose defects impair diverse cellular processes, often leading to cancer. However, the network architecture and molecular basis that ensure proper coordination between distinct modules are unclear. Here, we show that the ubiquitin ligase NIRF (also known as UHRF2), which induces G1 arrest, interacts with multiple cell cycle proteins including cyclins (A2, B1, D1 and E1), p53 and pRB, and ubiquitinates cyclins D1 and E1. Consistent with its versatility, a bioinformatic network analysis demonstrated that NIRF is an intermodular hub protein that is responsible for the coordination of multiple network modules. Notably, intermodular hubs are frequently associated with oncogenesis. Indeed, we detected loss of heterozygosity of the NIRF gene in several kinds of tumors. When a cancer outlier profile analysis was applied to the Oncomine database, loss of the NIRF gene was found at statistically significant levels in diverse tumors. Importantly, a recurrent microdeletion targeting NIRF was observed in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Furthermore, NIRF is immediately adjacent to the single nucleotide polymorphism rs719725, which is reportedly associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. These observations suggest that NIRF occupies a prominent position within the cell cycle network, and is a strong candidate for a tumor suppressor whose aberration contributes to the pathogenesis of diverse malignancies.
Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Ubiquitination, Cell Cycle Proteins, G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints, Retinoblastoma Protein, Cell Line, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Cyclin E, Humans, Cyclin D1, Cyclin B1, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, Cyclin A2, Gene Deletion
Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Ubiquitination, Cell Cycle Proteins, G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints, Retinoblastoma Protein, Cell Line, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Cyclin E, Humans, Cyclin D1, Cyclin B1, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, Cyclin A2, Gene Deletion
citations This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 41 | |
popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 10% | |
influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Top 10% | |
impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 10% |