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Multi-Class classification of vulnerabilities in smart contracts using AWD-LSTM, with pre-trained encoder inspired from natural language processing

Authors: Ajay K Gogineni; S Swayamjyoti; Devadatta Sahoo; Kisor K Sahu; Raj Kishore;

Multi-Class classification of vulnerabilities in smart contracts using AWD-LSTM, with pre-trained encoder inspired from natural language processing

Abstract

Abstract Vulnerability detection and safety of smart contracts are of paramount importance because of their immutable nature. Symbolic tools like OYENTE and MAIAN are typically used for vulnerability prediction in smart contracts. As these tools are computationally expensive, they are typically used to detect vulnerabilities until some predefined invocation depth. These tools require more search time as the invocation depth increases. Since the use of smart contracts increases rapidly, their analysis becomes difficult using these traditional tools. Recently, a machine learning technique called Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) has been used to predict the vulnerability of a smart contract. In the present article, we present how to classify smart contracts into Suicidal, Prodigal, Greedy, or Normal categories using Average Stochastic Gradient Descent Weight-Dropped LSTM (AWD-LSTM), a variant of LSTM. We reduced the class imbalance by considering only distinct opcode combinations for normal contracts and achieved a weighted average F1 score of 90.0%. Such techniques can be utilized in real-time to analyze a large number of smart contracts and to improve their security.

Keywords

FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Statistics - Machine Learning, Machine Learning (stat.ML), Cryptography and Security (cs.CR), Information Retrieval (cs.IR), Computer Science - Information Retrieval, Machine Learning (cs.LG)

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
41
Top 10%
Top 10%
Top 10%
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