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Induction of Biogenic Magnetization and Redox Control by a Component of the Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling Pathway

Authors: Nishida, Keiji; Silver, Pamela;

Induction of Biogenic Magnetization and Redox Control by a Component of the Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling Pathway

Abstract

Most organisms are simply diamagnetic, while magnetotactic bacteria and migratory animals are among organisms that exploit magnetism. Biogenic magnetization not only is of fundamental interest, but also has industrial potential. However, the key factor(s) that enable biogenic magnetization in coordination with other cellular functions and metabolism remain unknown. To address the requirements for induction and the application of synthetic bio-magnetism, we explored the creation of magnetism in a simple model organism. Cell magnetization was first observed by attraction towards a magnet when normally diamagnetic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were grown with ferric citrate. The magnetization was further enhanced by genetic modification of iron homeostasis and introduction of ferritin. The acquired magnetizable properties enabled the cells to be attracted to a magnet, and be trapped by a magnetic column. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry confirmed and quantitatively characterized the acquired paramagnetism. Electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed electron-dense iron-containing aggregates within the magnetized cells. Magnetization-based screening of gene knockouts identified Tco89p, a component of TORC1 (Target of rapamycin complex 1), as important for magnetization; loss of TCO89 and treatment with rapamycin reduced magnetization in a TCO89-dependent manner. The TCO89 expression level positively correlated with magnetization, enabling inducible magnetization. Several carbon metabolism genes were also shown to affect magnetization. Redox mediators indicated that TCO89 alters the intracellular redox to an oxidized state in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, we demonstrated that synthetic induction of magnetization is possible and that the key factors are local redox control through carbon metabolism and iron supply.

Country
United States
Related Organizations
Keywords

570, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins, QH301-705.5, Agricultural Biotechnology, Gene Dosage, Magnetometry, Yeast and Fungal Models, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Forms of Evolution, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Ferric Compounds, Molecular Genetics, Mitochondrial Proteins, Gene Knockout Techniques, Environmental Biotechnology, Model Organisms, Iron-Binding Proteins, Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, Signaling in Cellular Processes, Humans, Biology (General), Biology, Cation Transport Proteins, Evolutionary Biology, Organisms, Genetically Modified, Magnetic Phenomena, Agriculture, Organismal Evolution, Recombinant Proteins, Mitochondria, Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor), Ferritins, Synthetic Biology, Oxidation-Reduction, NADP, Biotechnology, Signal Transduction, Neuroscience, Research Article, Transcription Factors

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    influence
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    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
45
Top 10%
Top 10%
Top 10%
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gold