Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Open Journal of...arrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
versions View all 2 versions
addClaim

This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

You have already added 0 works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.

Homomorphic Evaluation Cluster Architecture for Fully Homomorphic Encryption

Authors: Hanyoung Lee; Ardianto Satriawan; Hanho Lee;

Homomorphic Evaluation Cluster Architecture for Fully Homomorphic Encryption

Abstract

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows computational processing of encrypted data on cloud servers, providing high security and enabling safe data utilization. As homomorphic multiplication progresses with encrypted data, noise accumulates, requiring a process called bootstrapping to restore the noise level of the new ciphertext $ct^{\prime }$ . Bootstrapping involves linear transformation processes, such as Coefficient to Slots and Slots to Coefficient, where most operations used are rotation. Rotation shifts elements in slots to new positions based on rotation index k. However, the computational cost and memory bandwidth required for a rotation adds significant overhead and limits the ability to perform FHE operations. Therefore, an efficient implementation of rotation is crucial for high-performance FHE applications. To address this problem, we optimized the datapath of rotation in the CKKS scheme to be hardware-friendly and proposed a homomorphic evaluation cluster hardware accelerator tailored for FHE workloads. Our architecture is aware of the computational and memory constraints of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and performs number theoretic transform (NTT), its inverse (INTT), key multiplication, base conversion, and automorphism in a single cluster. We implemented our design in the AMD Alveo U280 FPGA platform. With a polynomial length of 216 and operating at 250 MHz as a rotation accelerator, the design implementation on the FPGA shows a speed-up of about $700\times $ compared to the CPU implementation in OpenFHE. Compared to the GPU implementation, it shows a $1.77\times $ speed-up, and compared to previous FPGA implementations, it shows a $1.13\times $ better.

Keywords

architecture, Linear transformation, accelerator, homomorphic evaluation, fully homomorphic encryption, Electric apparatus and materials. Electric circuits. Electric networks, TK452-454.4, rotation

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    selected citations
    These citations are derived from selected sources.
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    0
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
gold