Abstract Background: Mutations of the Ectodysplasin-A (EDA) gene are generally associated with syndrome hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia or non-syndromic tooth agenesis. The influence of EDA mutations on dentinogenesis and odontoblast differentiation have not been reported. The aim of this study was to identify genetic clues for the causes of familial non-syndromic oligodontia and explore the underlying mechanisms involved, while focusing on the role of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Materials and Methods: Candidate gene sequences were obtained by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. Functional analysis was conducted, and the pathogenesis associated with EDA mutations in hDPSCs was investigated to explore the impact of the identified mutation on the phenotype. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used to detect X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in the blood of female carriers. Results: In this study, we identified an EDA mutation in a Chinese family：the missense mutation c.1013C>T (Thr338Met). Transfection of hDPSCs with a mutant EDA lentivirus decreased the expression of EDA and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) compared with transfection of control EDA lentivirus. Mechanistically, mutant EDA inhibited the activation of the NF-κB pathway. The CE results showed that symptomatic female carriers had a skewed XCI with a preferential inactivation of the X chromosome that carried the normal allele. Conclusions: In summary, we demonstrated that EDA mutations result in non-syndromic tooth agenesis in heterozygous females and that, mechanistically, EDA regulates odontogenesis through the NF-κB signalling pathway in hDPSCs. Due to the large heterogeneity of tooth agenesis, this study provided a genetic basis for individuals who exhibit similar clinical phenotypes.