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Architectural issues regarding Blockchain systems

Architekturprobleme im Zusammenhang mit Blockchainsystemen
Authors: Pfitscher, Martin;

Architectural issues regarding Blockchain systems

Abstract

Die vergangenen Jahre zeigten eine Entwicklung zu unveränderbaren und verteilten Speichersystemen. Eine davon waren Blockchain-Datenbanken. Diese Systeme versuchen Eigenschaften traditioneller Datenbanken mit denen von Blockchains zu vereinigen. Einige dieser Systeme nutzen Structured Query Language (SQL) ähnliche Abfragesprachen, während andere gänzlich auf traditionelle Datenbankspeicher setzen. Allerdings gibt es für diese Systeme noch keine allgemeine Schnittstelle. Bei traditionellen Datenbanken gibt es hingegen das Prinzip des Object Relational Mapping (ORM), um die Komplexität zu verbergen und das Wechseln zwischen verschiedenen Systemen zu vereinfachen. ORM bildet Objekte einer Programmiersprache auf Datenbanken ab, sodass ein Speichern und Manipulieren solcher Abbildungen möglich wird. Diese Thesis untersucht die Möglichkeit, das ORM-Konzept auf Blockchain-Datenbanken anzuwenden. Zusätzlich werden Vor und Nachteile der Speicherung von generischen Daten auf Blockchainsysteme diskutiert. In dieser Arbeit werden mehrere Optionen für Blockchain-Datenbanken besprochen, um zu zeigen, welche Auswirkungen die ausgewählten Speichersysteme sowie andere Komponenten (insbesondere Konsensus-Mechanismen) auf die Eigenschaften einer Blockchain Datenbank haben. Als Beispiele für unser Framework Smart Contract Object Mapping (SmartCOM) wurden zwei Blockchain-Datenbank Systeme für SmartCOM konzipiert. Mithilfe dieser kann der Nutzer zwischen zwei verschiedenen Blockchain-Datenbanken wählen, ohne plattform-spezifischen Quelltext zu schreiben. SmartCOM unterstützt die Funktionen, Elemente zu speichern, ändern, löschen und aus dem Speicher auszulesen. Des Weiteren wurde eine Funktion, die es erlaubt, Änderungen bei gespeicherten Elementen nachzuverfolgen, bei beiden Blockchain-Datenbank Prototypen implementiert. Die beiden Prototypen werden gegenübergestellt und grob mit ähnlichen Blockchain Datenbanksystemen verglichen. Dadurch, dass beide Prototypen dieselben Methoden unterstützen, sind sie untereinander austauschbar und es wird gezeigt, dass weitere prototypische Implementationen unterstützt werden können.

Recent years have shown many developments in the direction of immutable and distributed storage. One of them was the development of blockchain databases. These systems combine blockchain and database features while trying to remain competitive. Some of these systems are similar to traditional databases by supporting Structured Query Language (SQL) like language or using traditional databases as storage. Nevertheless, there is no general interface for blockchain databases. A missing general interface in blockchain databases leads to a steep learning curve and requires custom solutions with high maintenance costs. While typical databases have standardized properties such as SQL they greatly benefit from Object Relational Mapping (ORM) to reduce development and maintenance costs. This thesis investigates if an extendible ORM solution based on code generation is feasible for blockchain databases. Additionally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a blockchain-based system as general-purpose storage. This thesis investigated multiple blockchain database storage options, as the properties highly depend on the underlying storage system and the communication between the components (i.e., consensus). As proof of concept, this thesis implements two blockchain database showcases for our Smart Contract Object Mapping (SmartCOM) framework. SmartCOM proposes a general-purpose storage architecture supporting Create Read Update Delete (CRUD) and trace capabilities for both showcases. The two showcases are then compared against each other and vaguely to similar state-of-the-art frameworks. As a result, these showcases are interchangeable. Additionally, SmartCOM is extendible for further blockchain storage options. With SmartCOM, users can already store data on two different blockchain databases without blockchain programming knowledge or writing platform-specific code.

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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