
<p>Different statistical methods and techniques are applied on observed station data to assess changes in temperature, precipitation and spatio-temporal trends analysis of climatic extremes over Pakistan during 1962-2019. The Mann-Kendal test demonstrates increasing precipitation (during DJF) and decreasing maximum and minimum temperatures (during JJA) at the meteorological stations located in the Karakoram region during 1962-1990. The decadal analysis, on the other hand, shows a decrease in precipitation from 1991 to 2019, as well as an increase in temperature (maximum and minimum) during 2010 to 2019, which is consistent with the recently observed slight mass loss of glaciers related to the Karakoram Anomaly. These changes are highly significant at 5% level of significance at most of the stations. In case of temperature extremes, summer days (SU25) increased except in zone 4, TX10p (cold days) decreased across the country during 1962-1990, with the exception of zones 1 and 2. TX90p (warm days) increased between 1991-2019, with the exception of zone 5, and decreases from 1962 to 1990, with the exception of zones 2 and 5. The spatio-temporal trend of consecutive dry days (CDD) indicates a rising tendency from 1991 to 2019, with the exception of zone 4, which shows a decreasing trend. PRCPTOT (annual total wet-day precipitation), R10 (number of heavy precipitation days), R20 (number of very heavy precipitation days), and R25mm (very heavy precipitation days) are considerably decreased (increasing) in North Pakistan during1962-1990 (1991-2019).</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Climate change, Climate extremes, Ground data, Mann-Kendal test, Karakoram anomaly.</p>
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