Stress incontinence, involving involuntary leaking of urine on effort, exertion, sneezing, or coughing, affects 17-45% of adult women. Risk factors include pregnancy (especially with vaginal delivery), smoking, and obesity.We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of non-surgical treatments and surgical treatments for women with stress incontinence? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to June 2008 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).We found 97 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: adrenoceptor agonists, anterior vaginal repair, laparoscopic colposuspension, needle suspension, oestrogen supplements, pelvic floor electrical stimulation, pelvic floor muscle exercises, retropubic colposuspension, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine), suburethral slings, tension-free vaginal tape, transobturator foramen procedures, and vaginal cones.