The diagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has often been considered difficult. This is because of the confusion that can arise with other mycoplasmoses of small ruminants. Symptoms and lesions can be similar and the isolation of M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (MccF38) requires skilled technicians. Once MccF38 strains are isolated, their identification should not be difficult. New techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, now offer the possibility of identifying MccF38 directly from dried samples. However, the isolation of MccF38 strains is always required for an official declaration of infection. Until now, the official serological test has been the complement fixation test; the main drawbacks being lack of sensitivity and specificity and also the short persistence of antibodies detected by this technique. The specific competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has now been developed and should enable wide serological enquiries to determine the real prevalence of the disease. Antibiotic treatments are effective but may not prevent persistence in latent carriers. An inactivated vaccine with saponin as an adjuvant has been produced in Kenya, which protects goats for approximately one year.