Hematuria is an important symptom to be taken seriously and to be investigated quickly and thoroughly. One can distinguish between gross and microscopic hematuria as well as between initial, total and terminal hematuria. The most common cause of hematuria is bladder infection. However, because of the grave consequences bladder cancer has to be excluded. Family doctors have many tools to investigate the urine, i.e. urinary sticks, microscopic urine analysis, urine culture as well as sonography of the urinary bladder. If suspicion of bladder cancer arises further investigations by an urologist using cystoscopy, intravenous or retrograde pyelogram and sonography must be considered. Treatment of bladder cancer consists in transurethral resection of the tumor, local or systemic chemotherapy or radical cystectomy.