Cystoid macular edema (CME) may develop in association with a wide variety of ocular conditions. It is the result of cystic accumulation of extracellular intraretinal fluid in the outer plexiform and inner nuclear layers of the retina, as a result of breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. It is most common following intraocular surgery, and in patients with venous occlusive disease, diabetic retinopathy, and posterior segment inflammatory conditions. A variety of approaches to the treatment of CME have been attempted, with a variable degree of success. These options have included topical and oral steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and laser photocoagulation treatment. The exact cause of CME and the effective treatment of this condition have remained elusive.