Release of oxytocin into the vicinity of the long portal vessels connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary gland and the presence of short portal vessels connecting the posterior lobe to the anterior pituitary established the potential for the peptide to act in a neuroendocrine fashion controlling the release of one or several adenohypophyseal hormones. Indeed, oxytocin receptors are present in the gland and numerous trophic effects of the peptide have been described, some with apparent physiological relevance. Thus under defined physiologic conditions a participatory role for oxytocin in the physiologic regulation of at least two hormones, prolactin and adrenocorticotropin, has been evidenced and there is developing credence to the concept that oxytocin may indirectly control gonadotroph function as well. Most recently, novel technologies have identified subpopulations of oxytocin receptive cells within a given cell type in the anterior pituitary gland and the concept of a modulatory effect of the nonapeptide on primary regulatory events has arisen.