From January 1989 to December 1992, in the Institute of Clinical Surgery of the University of Perugia, 102 patients were admitted for thoracic trauma. Two patients with an open thoracic trauma, both presenting multiple shot-wounds, underwent an explorative thoracotomy. One of them died on the operating-table from hemorrhage, while the other was saved by a wedge-resection. A 3rd explorative thoracotomy was successfully performed on a patient with internal thoracic trauma and severe hemothorax. Among the 100 patients with an internal thoracic trauma, mortality was 6%, but only one of the 6 deceased, had no lesions other than a fail chest. As a matter of fact 38 patients presented lesions in other parts of the body. Simple and complicated multiple costal fractures, found in 84 cases, were the most frequent lesions observed. Seventeen of the 38 patients with pneumothorax and/or pleural effusion had a chest tube applied. Three patients were operated for a diaphragmatic hernia with a positive outcome. Only 75 patients received medical treatment without surgery. Six of the patients with multiple costal fractures presented flail chest. One of them (mentioned above) died almost immediately after his admission and therefore received no more than the initial medical treatment. Four others, aged over 65, successfully underwent a costal osteosyntesis, while the 6th patient received medical therapy with a positive outcome. In the case of a critical flail chest with severe patho-physiological consequences, if the fractures are in technically favourable sites, the Authors believe it is better to immediately stabilize the thorax, since the operating trauma is minimum and in many cases the patient is already intubated and curarized.