Over a period of 25 years post mortem examination and in selected cases microbiological and/or parasitological investigations were carried out in 79 South American camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicuña). The principal findings (frequently identical with the cause of death) are retrospectively commented with regard to available anamnestic data and the literature. Besides infectious and noninfectious diseases occurring in all mammalian species findings of lesser importance, but peculiar to camelids, like foam cell granulomas beneath the pulmonary pleura, hepatic empty proliferations (lipomatous metaplasia), and gastroliths in the glandular saccules of stomach compartment I, are also discussed.