Retroperitoneoscopy was performed in 101 patients using the author's recently described balloon technique. Various urological procedures, were undertaken including renoscopy and renal biopsy, para-aortic lymph node biopsy, varicocelectomy, ureterolithotomy, pyelolithotomy, pyeloplasty, nephrolithotomy, nephrectomy, decortication of renal cyst, adrenalectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy and ligation of deep penile veins.