The present study suggested that measurement of LH, E2 and P in blood may be replaced by non-invasive measurements of E2 and P in saliva and by assays of LH, E1-3G and P2-3G in urine. These alternative methods for determination of reproductive hormones in saliva and in urine provide similar and reliable information of endocrine status in both normal and abnormal reproductive functions. The advantages of these non-invasive methods should be brought into consideration whenever the physiological assessments or clinical investigations of ovarian functions are required.