In this review we have tried to outline some of the recent experimental data which has contributed to our understanding the neurobiology of herpesviruses. We have attempted to draw together the threads of several different but related disciplines, i.e. virology, immunology, neurobiology and cell biology, to demonstrate how all are inextricably linked and may be used in combination to address some of the issues surrounding the molecular basis of herpesvirus latency and reactivation. In conclusion, the interaction between virus and host and in particular the neuron, is very complex. We have probably only scratched the surface here in revealing some of the many pathways and factors which are thought to impinge on this unique relationship. Ultimately, it is likely that a full understanding of that relationship will prove to be one of the most exciting and important milestones in biology.