Language is the basis for acquisition and execution of communicative skills. The neurological structures underlying language can be localized through clinical-pathological studies and neuroimaging studies. The classical language areas (Broca and Wernicke areas) are involved in lesions causing aphasia, and the main types of aphasia are motor (Broca), sensory (Wernicke), global and anomic aphasia. In stable lesions a negatively accelerated recovery curve is observed. Age and severity of aphasia are important prognostic factors. Treatment consists of broadly targeted language stimulation, but specialists services are important for assessment, education, and selection of patients for special forms of therapy.