Air transport to highly specialized centres would appear to be indispensable for newborns suffering from severe immaturity and for children suffering from emergency forms of cardiorespiratory insufficiency. The microclimatic conditions in the passenger compartment during normal airline flight are examined. The characteristics of the immature newborn are then discussed together with the main aspects of the care of these patients. The principal physiopathological consequences of congenital cardiopathies are also considered. Finally, the autonomous arrangement of single passenger air transport and operating modalities are illustrated.