Primary liver cancers are tumors that develop from different liver cells. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which develops from hepatocytes, accounts for approximately 75-85% of primary liver cancers.HCC is the 6th leading cause of cancer worldwide and the 3rd leading cause of cancer-related death. Its incidence is low in northern Europe, but high in sub-Saharan Africa and the Far East, where both hepatotropic viruses and exposure to mycotoxins are. It complicates cirrhosis in over 90% of cases and is predominantly male.The prevalence of HCC is increasing due to improved diagnostic techniques and criteria, but also to the persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in adults. A worldwide increase in the incidence of steatopathy makes it the leading cause of liver disease worldwide, associated with alcohol abuse and/or steatohepatitis associated with metabolic dysfunction (MASH), including type 2 diabetes.Chronic hepatotropic viral infections, cirrhosis and chemical carcinogens combine to produce an annual incidence of 2-5% of hepatocellular carcinoma arising from cirrhosis. This justifies biannual surveillance of known cirrhosis, without which late diagnosis limits therapeutic options.Major advances have been made in curative treatment (liver transplantation, surgery, radiodestruction) and palliative treatment (chemo- or radioembolization, sorafenib chemotherapy or immunotherapy), depending on how early HCC is diagnosed (size, number of hepatic or extrahepatic lesions) and the severity of underlying liver disease and associated comorbidities.