
pmid: 38464863
pmc: PMC10919794
El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las principales situaciones de indicación, contraindicación y accionar profiláctico para la exodoncia de terceros molares, según la literatura. Se utilizaron las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, con un total de 3 llaves de búsqueda, y se incluyeron publicaciones de máximo 5 años de antigüedad, en inglés o español, con disponibilidad de texto completo. Fueron seleccionados 18 artículos, en los que se determinó que la indicación más frecuente en la exodoncia de terceros molares fue el diagnóstico de pericoronaritis, seguido de caries cervical distal en segundo molar inferior, reabsorción radicular en dientes adyacentes y quistes. A su vez, puede estar indicada para facilitar otros tipos de tratamientos dentales, como ortodoncia, cirugía ortognática y rehabilitación. En cuanto a las contraindicaciones, predominó el riesgo de complicaciones intraoperatorias asociadas con el nervio alveolar inferior, edad avanzada y compromiso sistémico. El 72,2% de los artículos incluía en su análisis la extracción profiláctica, y se observa una predominancia de exodoncia de terceros molares asintomáticos y libres de enfermedad. Finalmente, la evidencia señala situaciones claras de indicaciones y contraindicaciones en torno a la exodoncia de terceros molares. Estas se asocian, principalmente, con cambios patológicos, indicaciones por tratamientos de ortodoncia, cirugía ortognática y tratamientos rehabilitadores. Sin embargo, existe controversia en la literatura respecto de la exodoncia profiláctica, y se destaca que no todos los terceros molares retenidos y asintomáticos deben extraerse. Es necesario evaluar caso por caso, considerando los beneficios de la práctica, las características del paciente y el riesgo de complicaciones posoperatorias.
The aim of this study was to characterize the main indications, contraindications, and prophylactic actions for third molar extraction according to the literature. The Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched using a total of 3 search keys, including publications up to 5 years old, in English or Spanish, with availability of full text. Eighteen articles were selected and showed that the most frequent indication for third molar extraction was the diagnosis of pericoronaritis, followed by distal cervical caries in the lower second molar, and root resorption in adjacent teeth and cysts. In turn, it may be indicated to facilitate other types of dental treatment, such as orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, and rehabilitation. In relation to contraindications, the risk of intraoperative complications was associated with the inferior alveolar nerve, advanced age and the predomination of systemic involvement. Prophylactic extraction was included in the analysis in 72.2% of the articles, with a predominance of exodontia of asymptomatic and disease-free third molars. Finally, there are clear indications and contraindications for third molar extraction, being mainly associated with pathological changes, indications for orthodontic treatment, orthognathic surgery, and rehabilitative treatment. However, there is controversy in the literature regarding prophylactic extraction, emphasizing that not all retained and asymptomatic third molars should be extracted. Third molar extraction should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, considering the benefits, the patient's characteristics and the risk of postoperative complications.
tercer molar, tooth extraction, protocolos clínicos, extracción dental, clinical protocols, third molar, cirugía oral, oral surgery
tercer molar, tooth extraction, protocolos clínicos, extracción dental, clinical protocols, third molar, cirugía oral, oral surgery
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