Until recently, human monkeypox (Mpox) were rarely observed outside of Africa, where the Mpox virus (MPXV) is endemic in some regions. In early May 2022, a global Mpox outbreak occurred. Crucial to this outbreak was human-to-human transmission during sexual activity. In particular, young men who have sex with men (MSM) became ill. In July 2022, this Mpox epidemic was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. As of 26 September 2023, 90,618 confirmed cases of Mpox have been reported worldwide, with Germany accounting for around 3700 cases. The strongest increase in incidence occurred from May to mid-August 2022; since then, the number of cases has declined significantly as a result of intensive prevention efforts (education, vaccination). Currently, there are only sporadic, smaller outbreaks-in Germany (Berlin) most recently in August 2023. Despite the current calm epidemiological situation worldwide, isolated cases must therefore still be expected in Germany. The clinical picture of the "new" clade IIb-associated Mpox variant, which is mostly transmitted sexually from person to person, differs markedly from that of the "classical" Mpox (clades I and IIa), which, apart from rapidly breaking human infection chains, essentially occur as a zoonosis.