Synthetic cathinones are the group of the most frequently identified so-called new psychoactive substances with a strong stimulating effect and high addictive potential. It is now believed that the use of these compounds increases the risk of sporadic forms of neurodegenerative diseases. The article presents current views on the mechanisms of neurotoxicity of synthetic cathinones, including: blood-brain barrier damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and hyperthermia. Further understanding of the cellular and molecular processes underlying neurotoxicity and associated clinical manifestations is essential in the development of therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders resulting from the intake of synthetic cathinones.