Five observations of spontaneous ruptures of oesophagus with a recovery of one patient are described. Acute start, early development of the oesophageal wall phlegmona at the site of rupture followed by a bacterial shock were observed in all patients. Early drainage of the mediastinal tissues with an aspiration favoured the localization of the processes and accelerated the healing of the oesophageal wall. Mature scars were found 4 months after the rupture. Morphological study of the oesophageal wall after the rupture revealed the disturbances of the neuro-muscular coordination of the wall this being documented by a muscle atrophy in the circular layer of oesophagus. A term "spontaneous rupture" may be accepted symbolically as the morphological study indicates the alterations of muscle layers that precede the rupture and under the circumstances of an increased pressure on the oesophageal walls during vomiting may facilitate the rupture.