Lignocellulose is widely found in the nature. The highly efficient degradation of lignocellulose requires synergistic interactions of varieties of microorganisms. The mechanism of synergistic interaction relationship is not entirely clear because it needs multitudinous microorganisms to participate in the process of lignocellulose degradation. With the development of microbial molecular biology and omics technology, some new methods will be provided for the research on the mechanism of microbial synergistic degradation of lignocellulose. Our previous research found that the bacterial composite microbial system shows strong degradation ability of lignocellulose at 50 °C. The consortium is composed of cultured and uncultured bacteria, but the former has no degradation ability. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics show that the expression levels of some genes related to lignocellulosic degradation change significantly. It is possible to explain the microbiological and enzymatic mechanisms of lignocellulosic degradation by microorganisms through omics in the future. The research progress of lignocellulose microbial degradation is reviewed from the aspects of enzyme, pure culture strain, and microbial consortium. The current situation and application prospect of omics technology in analyzing the function mechanism of microbial consortium are also introduced, to provide reference for exploring synergistic interactions of lignocellulose microbial degradation.