Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) allows the treatment of a multitude of vitreoretinal disorders involving the vitreous, the retina or the choroid. There is a multitude of possible surgical sequences: peeling maneuvers, liquid perfluorocarbone, removal of traction and media opacities, retinopexy or destructive photocoagulation, and as ultima ratio, retinotomies and retinectomies. The intravitreal tamponade serves as a substitute in the vitreous cavity, allowing photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to reconnect. Due to the many potential complications, close monitoring is required after pars plana vitrectomy during the early postoperative period. Late-onset complications are usually associated to the dynamics of the underlying disease.