Various strains of microorganisms inhabit the human intestinal tract, and disturbance of intestinal flora, dysbiosis, is thought to be pathogenesis of various diseases. Inducing symbiosis of intestinal flora has therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal diseases, but there are limited therapeutic options including probiotics.'Previous reports suggested that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was a very useful choice in treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. FMT for ulcerative colitis (UC) patients is proposed as a potential treatment for resolving dysbiosis. There is some debate as to whether FMT for UC patients is effective or not. It remains a challenge for future research to make more sophisticated and convenient methods of FMT.