The prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is critically important in reducing morbidity and total healthcare costs in patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy. The different types of CINV (ie, acute, delayed, anticipatory, breakthrough, and refractory) are controlled through various pathways and neurotransmitters, so the pharmacologic approach to prevention and treatment varies based on the type of CINV. New therapeutic agents and combinations of agents have changed the dynamic of CINV control, and national guidelines have been recently updated based on current evidence. Along with current national guideline recommendations, this educational activity will provide an overview of the pathophysiology of CINV and how the mechanisms of action of various antiemetic agents relate to efficacy and safety in the prevention and treatment of CINV.